Chapter 1

History of Pharmacy

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 Five Historical Periods
Ancient Through Early Modern Era: Human
prehistory to AD 1500
Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940
Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970
Patient Care Era: 1970 to present
Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The
new horizon

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Ancient Through Early Modern Era
Leaves, mud, and cool water may have been
used to stop bleeding and heal wounds
Early humans would have learned from watching
injured animals’ behaviors
Knowledge of materials with healing properties
would thus have been passed down through the
tribes

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 Egyptian Contributions
Medical information was documented on clay
tablets around 2600 BC
The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC,
contained formulas for more than 800 remedies
Each tribe would have had had a designated
person who was the equivalent of a priest,
pharmacist, and physician all in one

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 Mesopotamian and Chinese
Contributions
The earliest known record of the practice of
pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia around 2600
BC
Herbs were the predominant form of curatives

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 Greek and Roman Contributions
Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” liberated
medicine from the belief that disease had
spiritual causes
Theophrastus, the “father of botany,” classified
plants by their various parts
Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants
and later became known as the “father of
toxicology”
(continues)

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 Greek and Roman Contributions
The Romans organized medical and
pharmaceutical knowledge
The Romans converted theories into scientific
rules
The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were
responsible for preparing their own prescriptions
(continues)

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 Greek and Roman Contributions
Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek
system of knowledge into the Roman system of
science; he is known as the “father of
pharmacology”

(continues)

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 Greek and Roman Contributions
Galen, a Greek physician, wrote On the Art of
Healing, and he was very critical of physicians
who did not prepare their own remedies
Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of
pharmacy and medicine, practiced both
disciplines around AD 300, successfully curing
many different illnesses without charging a fee

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 Arabian Contributions
Formularies — continuation of documentation of
drug information
Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, confections,
and juleps
Pharmacy shops — privately owned shops first
appeared in Baghdad around AD 762
Hospital pharmacies ― followed in Marrakech
around AD 1190

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 Formalization of the Pharmacy
Profession
One of Europe’s first universities was
established in Salerno; it was responsible for
major contributions to pharmacy and medicine
Emperor Frederick II issued the Magna Carta of
Pharmacy, separating pharmacy from medicine
Guilds of pharmacists were established

(continues)

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 Formalization of the Pharmacy
Profession
A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the
Galenic theories of botanical orientation to
medicine with his own theories based on
chemicals
Monasteries hosted their own pharmacies
Germany became the first nation-state to
governmentally regulate its pharmacies
(continues)

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 Formalization of the Pharmacy
Profession
Pharmacists who worked for royal families
provided specialized services, and they were
known as apothecaries
New medicinal herbal substances, plants, trees,
and seeds began to be used
Better documentation of this new knowledge
began to occur
(continues)

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 Formalization of the Pharmacy
Profession
Pharmacy became separated from medicine
Regulation of pharmacy began
University education of pharmacists was now
required
Larger quantities of known and new drugs were
imported from the New World and Asia
New chemical medicines were introduced

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 Empiric Era
Pharmacopeias listed standardized medicines
and became the regulatory tools of government
Existing medications were questioned and tested
to establish their actual effectiveness
In the 18th century, pharmacy began to develop
in the colonies of the New World

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 Pharmacy in the New World
In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital
in America
Jonathan Roberts was the first hospital pharmacist
William Proctor introduced control into the practice
of pharmacy in the New World
The use of laudanum resulted in many cases of
opium addiction
The first pharmacy technicians emerged as
pharmacy clerks

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 History of Vaccinations
• Edward Jenner, the “father of immunology”,
established the first vaccine – it was used for
smallpox
• Louis Pasteur pioneered the destruction of
bacteria via pasteurization, and aided in
developing vaccines
• Emil Adolf von Behring was instrumental in
developing the DPT and tetanus vaccines

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 Industrialization Era
Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the
growth of industrial manufacturing in order to
meet the need for pharmaceutical products
Firms other than the pharmacies themselves
began centralized manufacturing of medicinal
preparations

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 Industrialization Era
The periods of development of manufacturing
pharmacy began as follows:
Formative (1867)
Botanical (1875)
Standardization (1882)
Biological (1895)
Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883)
Hormones (1901)
Vitamins (1909)
Antibiotics (1940) (continues)

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 Industrialization Era
Many retail pharmacists protested the
industrialization of manufacturing
Industrialization brought about:
Biologically prepared products
Complex chemical synthesis
Increased use of parenteral medications
Standardized manufacturing
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928
(continues)

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 Industrialization Era
The pharmaceutical industry created new needs,
to the advantage of retail pharmacy
Retail pharmacy has proved to be indispensable
and irreplaceable as the fitting and distributing
agency of medicinal products
Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two
branches of the same tree

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 Patient Care Era
Increased concentration on rational, targeted
research through the use of computers
Expanding arsenal of available medicines
Well-coordinated teams of scientists and other
professions such as statisticians and financial
managers worked together

(continues)

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 Patient Care Era
Multiple drug therapy led to adverse reactions,
interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were
greater than or less than desired
Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered
on drug control or drug monitoring
C.D. Hepler established the concept of
pharmaceutical in the late 1980s
(continues)

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 Patient Care Era
A pharmacist’s education must now focus on
human behavior as it relates to providing
practiced, patient-focused care

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 The New Horizon
Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to
produce drugs, hormones, and other products
Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration of
the structure of genetic material in a living
organism
Research into gene therapy and genetic defects
has greatly increased
(continues)

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 The New Horizon
Recombinant DNA technology is producing new
medications based on the patient’s genetic
makeup
Some medications that come from natural
sources, such as insulin, are prone to producing
allergies
Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of
cures for major diseases such as cancer

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