Final Year Project (Presetation#01)

Group members

1. Muzaffar Wahab 17PWCHE1207

2. Imran Tahir 17PWCHE1209
3. Umair Khan 17PWCHE1203

4. Hassan Rahman 17PWCHE1262

Supervisor

Engr. Sultan Ali (Ass. Professor)

 Title Of Project

Removal of Taste and Odor Causing Compounds

Using Ultrafiltration Membranes.
 Introduction

• There’s nothing more essential to life on Earth than

water. There’s a global water crisis. People are
struggling to access the quantity and quality of
water they need for drinking, cooking, bathing,
handwashing, and growing their food. [1]
• Amazing progress has been made in making clean
drinking water accessible to 2.6 billion people in
developing countries from 1990 to 2015. That’s an
increase from 76% of the global population to 91%
during that time. The United Nations recognizes the
importance of addressing the global water crisis
each year on World Water Day, March 22. [2, 3]
• Pakistan ranks number 9 in the list of top 10
countries with lowest access to clean water
where 21 million out of the total population of
207 million, do not have access to clean water.
India, Ethiopia and Nigeria are the top three
countries without safe water.[3, 4]
• According to the report, some 844 million
people globally are struggling to access life’s
most essential requirement and at least 60% of
the people live in water stress areas. [4]
• Ultrafiltration (UF) has demonstrated to be
successful alternatives for conventional
drinking water treatment technologies in the
areas of particle, turbidity and virus and
microorganism removal. [5]
Drawbacks of Ultrafiltration method

• UF membranes fail to effectively remove natural organic matter (NOM) and

taste and odor (T&O) causing compounds. This is due to the pore size of the
filtration systems (0.10.001 micron) which tend to be larger in comparison to
the size of most NOM and T&O compounds. [4, 6]
• An additional problem with UF in the area of NOM and T&O compounds
removal is membrane fouling, which is where the byproducts of the NOM and
T&O compounds, along with the other material present in the water are too
large to pass through the pores of the filtration unit resulting in a buildup of
solute and particles on the membrane and within the pores. [2]
Objective of Project
• The main aim of the project is to remove the
taste and odor causing compounds from the
contaminated water. The presence of Taste and
Odor causing compounds results in aesthetically
displeasing drinking water, reactor fouling and
carcinogenic disinfectant by products. This
project studied the feasibility of removing T&O
compounds using modified and unmodified
ultrafiltration membranes.
• If the presence of pH, natural organic matter and
ionic strength influenced the removal. It was
concluded that both membranes removed T&O
compounds while the negatively charged
membrane removed a greater percentage of each
T&O compound. A theoretical water treatment
facility is design by using UF membrane
technology is included in this project.
Applications
• In recent years, ultrafiltration has been widely used in the fields of water
treatment, such as drinking water purification, wastewater treatment, industrial
wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, and water reuse.
1. Drinking Water Purification:
In the aspect of water purification, ultrafiltration technology can remove
suspended solids, bacteria, viruses, etc. in water. Ultrafiltration can remove
almost all bacteria, viruses, "two pests", algae and aquatic organisms, and is
the most effective technology to guarantee the microbiological safety of water
at present. [7, 8]
2. Urban Sewage Reuse:
Ultrafiltration as a pretreatment of reverse osmosis(RO) has a wide range of
applications in the field of wastewater reuse. For example, the currently
popular double-membrane technology (UF + RO) is often used to recycle
wastewater, and the effluent can be used as a recycle. [8, 9]
3. Desalination of sea water:
Desalination has become an important way to alleviate the shortage of water
resources. Ultrafiltration is more used as a pretreatment technology for
seawater desalination, especially reverse osmosis technology for seawater
desalination pretreatment. [9, 11]
The experimental results verified the performance of the ultrafiltration
module, optimized the seawater desalination ultrafiltration pretreatment
process, and provided stable and reliable influent water for the reverse
osmosis unit. [10]
4. Industrial wastewater treatment:
With the rapid development of global industrialization, more and more
attention has been paid to how to improve the level and efficiency of
industrial wastewater treatment and alleviate the pollution of wastewater.
Compared with the conventional wastewater treatment, the membrane
integrated technology has the advantages of small wastewater treatment
equipment, simple operation, low operating and maintenance costs, excellent
operating environment, high treatment efficiency and strong sewage
purification capacity. [10, 12]
S.no Topics/Tasks
Gantt Chart Weeks numbers
01 0 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
2
01 Criteria about                                
selection of topic
02 Self-search and                                
discussion with
advisor
03 Final selection                                
of topic
04 Go through                                
related work
done
05 Literature                                
review/ proposal
submission
06 Preparation of 1st                                
presentation
07 Presenting of 1st                                
presentation
8 Experimentation               Midte                
rm
09 Methodology                                
development
10 Testing &                                
feasibility
11 Material &                                
Energy balance
12 2nd                               Fina
presentation l
Literature Review
1. Ultrafiltration System
Ultrafiltration is a water treatment process that uses a hollow fiber or a sheet
membrane to mechanically filter water containing very small particulate. An
ultrafiltration drinking water system uses this super fine membrane technology
to filter particulate down to 0.025 microns. To help you get an idea just how
small that is, the diameter of a human hair is typically about 75-80 microns.
This means that an ultrafiltration system works on a micro level, literally
taking all suspended solids out of the water. [3, 5]
Concentration gradient builds between the membrane and fluid because of the
particulate buildup. This gradient results in concentration polarization which
causes the solute to diffuse back into solution. This transfer is a stead state rate
which defines the transfer of solute to the membrane equal to the diffusion of
solute to the fluid. This relationship is demonstrated in equation 1, where J is
the volumetric filtration flux of the liquid L/m 2h, k is the mass transfer
coefficient, Cw is the concentration of solute when there is zero film buildup,
and CB is the concentration of solute at the thickness of the film mole/cm 3. [2,
6]
Taste & odor causing compounds
Following are main sources of taste and odor in drinking water. [13, 14]
1.Microorganisms (algae and bacteria)
2.Chemicals (wastewater discharge and chemical spills) in both surface and
ground water
3.Growth and decay of microorganisms in surface water
4.Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta), diatoms (Asterionella) and
flagellates
5.Geosmin
6.Salts, metals
T&O and
Table : Common T&O Complaints and Their Sources
minerals Sources
Musty MIB, IPMP, IBMP
Earthy Geosmin
Turpentine or oily MTBE
Fishy 2,4,Heptadienal, decadienal, octanal
Chlorinous Chlorine
Medicinal Chlorophenols, iodoform
Oily, gaseous Hydrocarbons, VOCs
Metallic Iron, copper, zinc, manganese
Grassy Green algae
Natural Organic Matters(NOMs)
The decomposition or dyeing of living or growing organisms such as plants,
animals and microorganisms caused the formation or creation of NOM. NOM
includes both humic and non-humic fractions. The organic matter is broken down
due to unknown reactive mechanism and turned into NOM. NOM can occur in
particulate form by adsorbing to clay and other particles, but it more often
appears in soluble form. The size, shape and composition of the NOM molecule
are random and no uniqueness in structure has been identified. NOM in its
soluble form has a molecular weight varying from 200-20,000 amu, and is
generally consists of aromatic rings which constitute about 10-35% carbon atoms.
[15]
Methodology

Raw materials
 Ultrafine cellulose membrane of 50-100μmpore diameter
 Isopropanol solution
 Deionized water
 NaOH solution
 Solid sodium 3-bromopropanesulfonate
 Di methyl sulphide (DMS)
Di methyl trisulphide DMTS
 2-methylisoborneol MIB
 Geosmin GSM
β-cyclocitral
β-ionone
Equipment's required
 Nitrogen gas cylinder
 Pressure gauge
 Fluid storage tank
 Dead-end stirred cell
 Magnetic stirrer
 Electronic balance
 Gas Chromatograph /Mass spectrometer
Process diagram
References

1. "Annual pH in Lake Champlain, 1992 - 2010." The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources. The
Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, 2010. Web. 28 Jan 2012.
<http://www.vtwaterquality.org/lakes/docs/lcmonitoring/lp_lc-ph.pdf>.

2. Marten, Susan; Davis, Mackenzie. Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science. 2nd Boston,
MA; McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. 412-420, 438, 442. Print

3. Shuler, Michael; Kargi, Fikret. Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1992. 340-347. Print
4. Sigma Aldrich. Material Safety Data Sheets. 2011, Web. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-
center.html

5. Droste, Ronald. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. 1st. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 287-289, 323, 384-399, 419, 483-484, 513-514. Print.

6. Park, Noeon; Lee, Yonghun; Lee, Seockheon; and Cho, Jaeweon. “Removal of taste and odor model
compound (2,4,6-trichloroanisole) by tight ultrafiltration membranes.” Desalination. 212. 2007. Print
7. Xiaoying F, Xiaoning W and Xinnian W 2017 Application of ultrafiltration membrane
technology in water treatment of environmental protection projects J. Policy Research &
Exploration 11 95-6
8. Guibai L and Yanling Y 2007 Ultrafiltration -- the core technology of the third generation of
urban drinking water purification process J. Water Technology 01 1-3
9. Guibai L, Jiayu T and Lu Q 2010 Purification process of third generation urban drinking
water and zero pollution flux of ultrafiltration J. Water & Wastewater Engineering 08 11-5
10. Yaozu H 2004 Ultrafiltration technology and its application (Beijing: hemical Industry
Press) 2-18
11. Dezhi Xu, Bo X, Jianyin S and Yijiu L 2006 Application of membrane technology in
industrial wastewater treatment J. Industrial Water Treatment 04 1-4
12. Cuiping Y, Chengduan W and Mingxing Z 2006 Application of ultrafiltration membrane in
water treatment J. Guizhou Chemical Industry 02 25-9
13.“Microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes for drinking water.” Journal AWWA 100:12.
December 2008. AWWA Subcommittee on Periodical Publications of the Membrane Process
Committee. Web. 24 Sept 2011. http://www.awwa.org/files/secure/index.cfm?FileID=147849
14. Trojan Technologies Inc. “Environmental Contaminants Treatment Fact Sheet – Taste and
Odor Causing Compounds in Drinking Water.” Trojan UV. 2005. Web. 24 Sept 2011. <
http://www.engamerica.com/uploaded/Doc/Trojan_ECT_Facts.pdf>
15. Viessman, Warren; Hammer, Mark; Perez, Elizabeth; and Chadick, Paul. Water Supply
& Pollution Control. 8th. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. 324,
327, 399-407, 402-403, 458-460, 827. Print.
16. AWWA. “Specific Taste & Odor Complaints.” American Water Works Association
(AWWA). Web. 24 Sept 2011. https://www.awwa.org/Resources/Content.cfm?
ItemNumber=585