SNIA-SA 100

Introduction to
Network Storage
Chapter 1
Storage Technology Primer

Version 1.1

© COPYRIGHTED 2004
 Coverage
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 SECTION 1
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 SECTION 1: Need for Storage &
Growth of Data
1.1 Need for Storage
1.2 Growth of Data

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Need for Storage

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 Growth of Data
World Wide Production of Information
200
180
160
140
Exabytes*

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

*Exabyte = One Billion Gigabytes

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Computer Architecture

Arithmetic/
Control unit
Logic unit

Register storage area

Memory

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 Computer Input and Output
T Step 2:
T Step 4:
After processing, the binary code
for the letter T is converted to an image,
and displayed on the output device.
Operation of computer system data input and output
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Step 1:
The user presses the letter
T key on the keyboard
An electronic signal for
the letter T is sent to the
system unit
Step 3:
The signal for the letter T is
converted to it ASCII binary code
(01010100) and is stored in
memory for processing
T
 Operating systems
• All computer systems have an system software called operating
system (OS).
• Currently, there are four dominate typical user operating
systems.
• Microsoft Windows OS
• UNIX
• Linux
• Macintosh OS

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 DATA STORAGE
• Data is numerical or other information represented in a form
suitable for processing by computer system. Data can be exist
as electronic signal or stored in certain media.

• All device, media and system which can store data is called
storage or data storage, storage can be a part of a computer
system or network system, may stores data for subsequent use
or retrieval and retain data for some period of time.

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 SECTION 2
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 SECTION 2:Types of Storage

2.1 Volatile Storage

2.2 Non-Volatile Storage
2.2.1 Hard Disk
2.2.2 Tape Technology
2.2.3 Floppy Disk, Optical Disk, Integrated Circuit

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 Volatile Storage
• Volatile Storage – A storage device in which the contents are
lost when power is removed.

• Cache Memory -As the microprocessor processes data, it looks

first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a
previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-

consuming reading of data from larger memory.

• Disk Cache - A disk cache is a mechanism for improving the

time it takes to read from or write to a hard disk

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 Non Volatile Storage
Magnetic Optical IC

Disk Tape •CD •FFD

• DVD •SD
•MMC

 ATA Drive •Mammoth

SCSI Drive • AIT
Zip Disk • DLT
USB Disk • LTO

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 Hard Disk Drive
• A set of electro magnetically
charged disks that stores and
provides fast access to large
data.

• Two most common interface:

• ATA, Advanced
Technology Attachment,
• PATA
• SATA
• SCSI, Small Computer
System Interface, .

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Hard Disk Drive Road Map

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 ATA Hard Disk Drive
Parallel ATA Interface

PIO DMA UDMA Max Throughput

Standard Also Called Time Modes Modes Modes (MBps) LBA Addressing
ATA-1 IDE 1986-1994 0-2 0 - 8.33 136.9GB

ATA-2 EIDE,FAST ATA 1995-1996 0-4 0-2 - 16.67 136.9GB

ATA-3 Fast ATA-2 1996-1997 0-4 0-2 - 16.67 136.9GB

ATA-4 Ultra ATA/33 1997-1998 0-4 0-2 0-2 33.33 136.9GB

ATA-5 Ultra ATA/66 1998-2000 0-4 0-2 0-4 66.67 144PB

ATA-6 2000-Now 0-4 0-2 0-5 100 144PB

Ultra ATA/100
ATA-7 Ultra ATA/133 2001-Now 0-4 0-2 0-6 133 144PB

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 ATA Hard Disk Drive (cont’d)
• Serial ATA
• SATA, 1st generation or SATA-I
• SATA NCQ (Native Command Queuing), 2nd
generation or SATA-II

• Current status: 400G, 1.5Gb/s, 7200RPM, 8ms, SATA

NCQ

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 SCSI HARD DISK DRIVE
• Brief history of SCSI:
• SCSI-1, the first SCSI standard was approved by ANSI in
1986 1986, SCSI-1 standard use only 8 bits bus with
maximum 5 MB/s transfer rate and now obsolete
• SCSI-2, was approved by ANSI in 1994, is an extensive
enhancement of SCSI-1, 10MB/s, 16/32 Bits, More Devices
per Bus
• SCSI-3,
• Fast-wide, 20MB/s,1992,
• Ultra or Fast-20, 40 MB/s 1995,
• Ultra2, or SPI-2, 80 MB/s 1997,
• Ultra3, or SPI-3, 160MB/s 1999
• Ultra320, or SPI-4, 320MB/s 2001

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SCSI HARD DISK DRIVE (cont’d)

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 SCSI HARD DISK DRIVE (cont’d)
• Ultra320 SCSI  Hard Disk Drive Introduction:
• Model: ST3300007LC
• Capacity : 300 GB
• Interface: Ultra320 SCSI

RPM: 10,000
• Seek Time (avg.): 4.7ms

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 Tape Technology
• What is a Tape?
• An external storage medium, usually both readable and
write able.
• A tape drive is the device that positions, writes to, and reads
from the tape.

• It is still widely used for archiving and backup.

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 Fast Flash Disk (FFD)
• Fast Flash Disk (FFD) is a non-volatile storage device, base on
flash technology, capacity 512B to 90GB, Maximum R/W:
100MB/s MTBF>700Khr, more than 5M time erase cycle.
Support ATA and SCSI interface.

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 MMC
• The Multi-Media Card (MMC) - ROM technology for read-
only applications and Flash technology for read/write
applications.
• Removable solid-state memory solutions.
• Weigh less than two grams and about the size of a postage
stamp.

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 SECTION 3
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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SECTION 3:Storage issues & Evolution

3.1 Storage Issues

3.2 Evolution of Storage Management

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Storage Issues

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Storage Issues (cont’d)

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 Evolution of Storage
Management

Enterprise storage Management

70s 80s Late 90s

Host Centric Client/Server Network Computing

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Storage Management Centre

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 SECTION 4
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 SECTION 4: DAS, NAS, SAN &
CAS

4.1 Direct Attached Storage(DAS)

4.2 Network Attached Storage (NAS)
4.3 Storage Area Network (SAN)
4.4Content Addressed Storage (CAS)

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 LAN – Local Area Network
Unix NT Netware

• A combination of computers &

LAN associated devices that share a common
communication line & resources.

• Encompasses a small geographical

Server area.
•Data/ software/system resources
sharing

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 Network Storage Basics
-DAS,NAS,SAN
Direct-attached storage (DAS) Network-attached storage (NAS) Storage area network (SAN)
LAN LAN LAN

Server Server Server Server Server Server Server Server Server

File Switch
Disk Server

Disk Disk
The three main storage architectures
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 DAS – Direct Attached Storage
• Storage hardware that connects to a single
server. Also called: Direct Attached
Storage (DAS). DAS is Local storage and
one-to-one relationship.
• Most of storage (about 70%) is connected
via DAS today, but 60% of storage will be
connected via SAN by 2007(IDC)

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 DAS (cont’d)
• Advantage:
• Low cost, Interface of DAS is use of ATA/SCSI , easy to setup and
management,
• easy to use in Client/Server environmental.

• Disadvantage:
• Expansion beyond server’s internal drive capacity.
• DAS can only scale along with the server that it is attached
to, storage resource are assigned to server.
• Lack of interoperability between different platforms,
operating systems and devices
• Sharing storage resource is not provide.
• limited by ATA/SCSI interface connectivity, Operation
distances are shot .

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 Network Storage Evolution
DAS SAN
clients

LAN

Disk drives

Disk drives Server

Server

NAS

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 NAS - Network Attached
Storage
• Storage subsystem that connects directly to the LAN.

• Has a processor and an operating system.

• NAS lives “in front” of the server, it is also called “appliance”

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 Network Attached Storage
Windows Workstations
Protocol Unix Workstations

LAN
CIFS NFS

Windows NT Server Network Attached Unix Server

Storage Device

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 Network Attached Storage -
Benefits
• Work independently without host support
• Centralizes control
• Provide across platform file server
• Minimal downtime
• Streamlined architecture
• Reduced server I/O bottleneck
• Data availability, stored data is shared.
• Efficient allocation and use of resources
• Simplicity
• Increased productivity
• Connectivity

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 Network Attached Storage -
Disadvantages
• Storage traffic travels across the messaging network, So
Network performance is impacted.
• Need protocol (NFS, CIFS etc.) support, can not work in
block level.
• Sharing data is only in file level, can not share resource in
storage device level.

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SAN - Storage Area Network

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 Definition of SAN
• A network whose primary purpose is the transfer of data
between computer systems and storage elements and among
storage elements. Abbreviated SAN.(SNIA)

• A high-speed network, comparable to a LAN, that allows

the establishment of direct connections between storage
devices and processors centralized to the extent supported by
the distance of fibre channel.(IBM)

• A Server Storage or Area Network. A network linking

computing devices to disk or tape arrays and other devices
over fibre channel.(BROCADE)

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 SAN Building Block
Client
PC’s
LAN

UNIX Windows SUN AIX Servers

NT/98

SAN

Disk array Tape

Tape Library Storages
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 SAN Building Block (Cont’d)
Client
PC’s
LAN

UNIX Windows SUN AIX Servers

NT/98
Switch
Storage
SAN Systems
Server with HBA
SAN- Diagram
GBIC
JBOD
Disk array Tape
Storages
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 SAN Building Block (Cont’d)
• Roles of SAN Management Software
• Implementing and enforcing policies.

• Performing repetitive actions.

• Monitoring the usage and performance of storage resources.

• Producing reports.

• Eg: DataCore SAN Symphony, Dell, EMC Navisphere

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 Benefits Of SAN
• Pooling of storage devices for better utilization.
• Increase the availability of storage.
• Increased backup performance.
• Increase of operation distance, useful for disaster recovery
and remote mirroring.

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 SAN Disadvantages
• Main weakness of SAN
• Difficult to the interoperability of storage devices between
OS, database and technologies
• Complexity - Difficult to manage the systems
without powerful software to manage the storage
devices.
• Lack of specialised staff resources
• Cost considerations, high startup cost for SME
Scalability, reliability and data protection affects
cost.
• Too many devices and vendors to enumerate.

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DAS, NAS, SAN Deployment

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 Comparison Table
DAS NAS SAN

IO Type Block File Block

ATA/SCSI
Connective Type Cable Network Network

Performance High Network Limited High

Scalability Low Medium High

Device Sharing No No Yes

Startup cost Low Medium Medium/High

Manageability Low<->High Medium Medium

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 NAS Gateway
• NAS Gateway is the control function of NAS without the storage
device.
• The storage is connected (typically using Fiber Channel) to a
SAN where the resources may be shared by other servers and
are managed centrally.
• The usage is still that of a remote file system where the
requesting host redirects file I/O over Ethernet using a
protocol such as NFS or CIFS.

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NAS vs. NAS Gateway

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Total Cost of Ownership
• Typically looks at annual cost of systems/solutions :
• Elements of TCO includes :
• Production cost – software and hardware
• Implementation cost
• Training
• Administration ( Operational cost )
• Support- monitoring and tuning
• Maintenance
• Upgrades
• Data Unavailability cost
• Direct – additional support
• Indirect – lost business

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 Content Addressed Storage
• Released in 2002 by EMC
• Refers to storage of fixed content, that is data written once and
never changed or cant be altered in any way.
• Storage schema was designed specifically for keeping fixed
content secure and in place was inevitable.
• CAS provides a digital fingerprint for a stored piece of data.
Also known as an ID or logical address.

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 Requirement of CAS
• Guaranteed integrity and authenticity of information
• Location independent & Long-term retention
• Continuous online and available
• Automatic distribution across devices
• Operation and management of information should be automated
• Singapore context
• MAS rule that financial documents must be retained for 6
years
• Companies Act, all financial records must be maintained for
7 years
• Telecom need to keep their CDRs for 3 years

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 How CAS can Impact Business
• Confront the increasingly stringent business and legal
requirements to store information for decades.
• Storage ecosystem that can alleviate one of today's growing
storage challenge.
• Its core software can manage over decades, extraordinary
amounts of fixed content and to integrate easily with
Independent software vendor applications.
• Modification of existing applications via its application
programming interfaces.

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 How does CAS Work?
• Uses a ‘claim check’ to address objects.
• FCS generates a globally unique identifier (claim check) to later
retrieve the object. The client presents a token and the server
replies with the object.
• The token is a set of ASCII characters. Maybe fixed in length or
varies. Token is a unique string associated with each object in
the system.

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Content Addressed Storage
Application Database Claim Check Analogy

Object to be stored
Content Storage Box
API

Claim check token

E.g

Application Server
Application Data Token

Application Client

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SAN, NAS & CAS- Comparison

Block File Object

SAN NAS CAS

High High
Performance Capacity
Mixed
Performance/Capacity

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 SECTION 5
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 SECTION 5: Interfaces for Mass
Storage Systems

5.1 Types of Interfaces for Mass Storage Systems

5.2 Limitations of Current Mass Storage Architecture
5.3 Solutions

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 Traditional Interfaces for
Mass Storage Systems
• Fibre Connection (FICON)
• Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON)
• High Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI)
• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

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 Limitations of Current Mass
Storage Architecture
Data Transfer
Protocols:
SCSI

• Limited Data Disk Bus, Short, few devices,

common signals, half-
transfer rate Workstation
Tape drive
duplex

IPI-3
• Limited Distance
Disk
between Devices Bus, short, few devices,
common signals, half-duplex
Mainframe
Disk

• Limited Number of
Devices Supported 2 x HIPPI Bus, short,two devices, dual-

simplex
Disk array

Super computer

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 Solutions
• Fibre Channel
• iSCSI ( Internet Small Computer System Interface )
• FCIP ( Fibre Channel Over Internet Protocol )
• iFCP ( Internet Fibre Channel Protocol )

• Note: iSCSI, FCIP and iFCP Protocols are discussed in chapter

8.

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 SECTION 6
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 SECTION 6: Fibre Channel &
Classes of Service

6.1 Introduction to Fibre Channel

6.2 Fibre Channel Topologies
6.3 Classes of Service

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 Introduction to Fibre Channel
• High Speed: 2 Gbps, full duplex dedicated connection.
• Provides a general hardware transport vehicle for Upper Level
Protocols (e.g. SCSI, IP, etc)
• Reduced congestion
• Long Distance: Up to 10km.
• Heterogeneous systems support

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 Fibre Channel Architecture

ULP (Upper Level Protocol) SCSI-3 IP ATM

IPI - 3 Command FC Link

FC-4 SCSI - 3 Command
Set Mapping Encapsulation FC - ATM
Set Mapping
(IPI-3 STD) FC - LE

FC-3 Common Services

FC-2 Framing Protocol

FC - AL FC - AL -2
Fibre Channel Physical
FC-1 Encode / Decode & Signaling Interface
8B/10B Encoding
( FC- PH, FC-PH2,
FC-0 Physical Variant FC-PH3 ) Copper, Optical

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 The Fibre Channel Network
SCSI Initiator Node

SCSI Command Storage

Protocol
Topology Subsystem
Link

SCSI Target Node

Server
IP Node
IP Node
Name=‘1000….3210’
Name=‘1230….3210’

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 Fibre Channel Topologies
Point To Point Arbitrated Loop Switched Fabric

Only 2 devices Up to 126 Up to 16 million devices

Direct Connect devices FC switches

FC Hubs

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 Fibre Channel Node and Port
 Node: Any device or entity that can initiate and receive transmissions
in a fibre channel network.Eg. Storage device
 Port: A fibre Channel port is an intelligent physical hardware that
connects all components to the network.
 Switch and hubs are not considered as nodes as they do not initiate
any transmissions.
 A node can have multiple ports
Node
N_Port N_Port Port Name=‘2100…
#1 #2 8765
Nodes N_Port_ID = ‘123456’
N_Port NL_Port
#3 #4 Each Port has separate
Transmit and Receive
functions
U_Port U_Port

NL_Port NL_Port
#7 #8

Node Name=‘6000..1254 © COPYRIGHTED 2004

Node Name=‘1000…ABCD’
 Fibre Channel Addressing
Each Node has a unique Node_Name ( 64-bit WWNN)
assigned by the manufacturer.
 As in LAN MAC address, WWN not used for transportation of
frames across the network.
 Each Node has one or more ports called N_Port (NL_Port)
 Each N_Port has a 64-bit Port Name and a 24-bit port address
or N_Port_ID
 The 24-bit address is assigned dynamically and optimizes
frame routing.
Multi-ported Node
64 bit Node_Name or WWN

64 bit Port Name Node Port or N_Port

24 bit N_Port_ID or port address
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 Fibre Channel Port Types
 Switch Ports
 E_Port = “Expansion Port”
 F_Port = “Fabric Port”
 FL_Port = “Fabric Loop Port”
 G_Port = “Generic Port – Can Operate as E, F or FL”
 Device Ports
 N_Port = “Direct Fabric Attached Device”
 NL_Port = “Loop Attached Device”

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 Port Visualization

Switch 1 N-Port Node

Node N-Port F-Port F-Port

E-Port
Fabric
E-Port
NL-Port
FL-Port
G-Port
NL-Port
Switch 2
Brocade © COPYRIGHTED 2004
 Classes of Service
• High speed and Flexible architecture of Fibre Channel enables
it to carry out different applications.eg tape-backup, real-time
video etc.
• Different applications have their own delivery requirements like
bandwidth, connectivity etc.
• Fibre Channel defines 5 classes of service that address
different delivery requirements
• Class 1- Acknowledged Connection Oriented Service
• Class 2- Acknowledged Connection-less Service
• Class 3 - Unacknowledged Connection-less Service
• Class 4 – Fraction Bandwidth Connection Oriented Service
• Class 6 – Multicast Service.

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 Class 1 Service
• Connection-Oriented Class of Service.
• Allows full-bandwidth between a pair of nodes with a
confirmation of delivery and End To End Flow Control
• In-Order delivery of frames due to dedicated connection.
• Best suited for real-time applications like video processing.
• Connections are established and removed at sequence boundaries.

N_Port Fabric N_Port

#1 #3

N_Port N_Port
#2 #4

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 Class 2 Service
• Connection-less service class and no bandwidth is reserved.
• Frames are routed by the fabric using internal routing algorithms.
• Do not guarantee In-Order delivery of frames, but there is
confirmation of delivery.

N_Port Frame 2:1 N_Port

#1 #2
Frame 1:5
Frame 2:2

Frame 1:5

N_Port N_Port
#2 #5

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 Class 3 Service
• It is a connection-less and unacknowledged service.
• Frame routing done internally by the fabric.
• Also known as the datagram service, as it is the quickest
transmission without involving the acknowledgement.
• If a frame cannot be processed then, it is discarded without
notification.

First frame of sequence

Sequence Data Frame Sequence

Initiator Recipient
Last data frame
First frame of sequence
Sequence Data Frame Sequence
Recipient Initiator
Last data frame

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 Class 4 service
• This service is connection-oriented providing a virtual circuit
between a pair of nodes.
• Known as Fractional Bandwidth, as it assigns only a fraction of
the total bandwidth and different QoS parameters for each
connection.
• The QoS parameters for each services ensures that certain time-
critical applications always have bandwidth available.
• Exists only as a standard due to its complexity.

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 Class 6 Service
• Provides reliable multicast service with acknowledged delivery.
• It is only a variation from Class1 service in a way the responses
are processed by recipients of the multicast group.
• A multicast server serves consolidates all acknowledgements,
thereby returning only a single confirmation to the initiator.
• Example, A video broadcast application, with a central video
server and multiple video recipients.
ACK’s
from the
Initiator Connect Fabric Recipient targets
request
N_Port N_Port
N_port
Multicast
N_Port
ACK server

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 SECTION 7
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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SECTION 7:Standards Organizations

7.1 FCA – Fibre Channel Association

7.2 NSIC – National Storage Industry Consortium
7.3 SNIA – Storage Networking Industry Association

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 Fibre Channel Association
• Non-profit, mutual organization of integrators, system
vendors, industry professionals and end users. FCIA
working groups focus on specific aspects of the technology
that target both vertical and horizontal markets, including
storage, video, networking and SAN Management

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 NSIC & SNIA
NSIC – National Storage Industry Consortium
• Consist of fifty universities and national lab with common
interest in the field of digital information storage.

SNIA – Storage Networking Industry Association

• Computer system industry forum of developers,
integrators and IT professionals who evolve and
promote storage networking technology and solutions

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 SECTION 8
1. Need for Storage & Growth of Data
2. Types of Storage
3. Storage Issues and Evolution of Network Storage
4. DAS, NAS, CAS, SAN
5. Interfaces for Mass Storage Subsystems
6. Fibre Channel & Classes of Service
7. Standards Organization
8. Review Questions

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 Review Questions
•  Explain the need for a growth in storage.
•  Explain the difference between a DAS, NAS and SAN.
•  What are the advantages and disadvantages of SAN?
•  What are the components of SAN and how it contributes to the
building of a SAN network?
•  What is Fibre Channel and what role does it play in a SAN
network?

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 References
• The evolution of storage: yesterday, today & tomorrow
• Storage Area Network Essentials – Wiley
• SAN, NAS & DAS : The inside story
• O’Reilly SAN vs NAS Decision Factors
• The Economics of a Storage Strategy – Computerworld
• Storage Networking: Back to Basics – Computerworld
• Network Attached Storage Overview – Advanced Media
Services
• Fibre Channel Overview –Seagate
• Introduction to Fibre Channel www.snwonline.com

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