LEAFLETS AND REPORTS

• Sub topic: Reading a leaflet

• Key Concepts: Leaflet, Report.
• Lesson objectives: At the end of the lesson, every student should be
able to (i)Describe the features of a leaflet
(ii)Identify components from the leaflets in pg.45 and 46
Meaning / Concept
• Leaflet is a small pocket-sized printed document that aims at providing
basic/specific information about an attraction or campaign in an easily
assimilable form i.e a form easy to understand or take in.
What are leaflets made of?
• Leaflets consists not only of words, but diagrams (drawings, photos) and
illustrations (maps) to convey clear details to the readers and make them
look attractive.
Have you ever seen leaflets in your school?
What was the information about?
To whom was the information intended?
Reading A Leaflet
Open your books (Checkpoint) and read the leaflet in pg.44
“Rocky Spring Park”
What activities do you find attractive?
Do you think the Rocky Spring Park is suitable only for a specific age
group or for all age groups? Verify it from the text.
L E A F L E T S A N D R E P O RT S

Leaflet Analysis 13/01/2021

Lesson objective(s):
Students should be able to compare and contrast the two leaflets they read
by considering the purpose, audience, content, layout, tone of the language.
Task:
Look at the leaflet “Got A Teenager?” then analyze it basing on the Given
points.
LEAFLETS AND REPORTS
Leaflet Analysis 14/01/2021
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to analyze the two
leaflets they have read by comparing and contrasting the two leaflets
basing on the given point from the previous lesson.
Task:
Write a detailed comparison of the two leaflets you have read: “Rocky
Springs Park” (pg.45-46) and “Got A Teenager?” (pg.48-49) in which
you look at the similarities and differences between them. Make sure
you support your comments by referring to and quoting from the
leaflets.
 GRAMMAR- Prepositions.
Lesson objective(s)
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to
(i) Identify prepositions (i.e know what they are).
(ii) Construct correct sentences by using prepositions (i.e appropriate use).
A preposition in a sentence can be a word or words that precedes a noun or
a pronoun to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or
to introduce an object.
Some examples of prepositions are words like: in, at, on, during, with, of,
off, by, to, before, after, within, over, along, under, in front of….
 Group Task
In groups of three:
(i) List other prepositions you know apart from those which have been mentioned
before.
Individual Task
(i) From the list of prepositions you have just mentioned, choose only 5 prepositions
and construct a single sentence for each preposition.

(ii)Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. Tonia goes to school…. Car.
2. Does he wake up…..7 o’clock?
3. ……the afternoon I do my homework.
4. …….daytime my parents go to work.
5. ………night we sleep.
Report Types
• Format and content of reports vary depending on purpose.
• Report categories may vary with differing perspectives, however the categories are
in common use and provide a nomenclature for the study and use of reports.
-Formal reports: These are carefully structured, they stress objectivity (i.e
truth/facts/free from prejudice) and are well organized. They contain much detail
and are written in a style that tends to eliminate such elements as personal pronouns
(I, you,…). They are used in all formal settings i.e official issues.
-Informal reports: These are usually short messages with natural, casual use of
language. The internal memorandum can be generally described as an in formal
report.
Informational reports: Informational report carry objective information from one
area of entity to another. The major aim is to give information on a particular
phenomenon. For example, daily/weekly/monthly/annual reports on personnel
absenteeism.
Report Types….
Analytical reports: Are reports based on a carefully and scientific investigation/study.
Breaking down of information i.e looking at cause and effect of an issue,
how/where/when it occurred, the consequences, the trend of recurrence, how it can
be perpetuated or eliminated. Analytical reports present attempts to solve problems.
Scientific research, feasibility reports, appraisals are examples of analytical reports.
Project/proposal reports: A document prepared to describe how one can
organization/entity can meet the needs of another.Most governmental agencies
advertise their needs by issuing “requests for proposal” (RFP). The RFP specifies a need
and potential suppliers prepare proposal reports telling how they can meet that need.
Vertical Vs Lateral reports: This classification refers to the direction a report travels.
Reports that move downward or upward the hierarchy (for giving directions,
questioning or giving feedback of an issue) are referred to as linear/vertical reports;
while a report travelling between units/departments of the same organization level (for
example production and finance departments) is lateral.
Report Types….
Internal Vs external reports: Internal reports travel within the organization for
example from the authorities to subordinates, or between departments within the
same organization while reports prepared and shared beyond the boundaries of an
entity i.e to clients/beneficiaries/stakeholders/competing agencies/ are external
reports. Students progress reports shared to parents, national examination results
are examples of external reports.
Periodic reports: These are issued on regularly scheduled dates. They are generally
upward directed and serve management control. They are meant to be useful for a
particular period/schedule (date/time) and are only valid within the scheduled
period. Project reports are an example of a periodic report.
Functional reports: This category includes accounting reports, marketing reports,
financial reports.
REGISTER
• Register basically refers to level of formality of language use, i.e the tone, the choice of words
(vocabulary) / phrases, depending on context.
• Whether speaking or writing, one must choose the register appropriate to their audience
and purpose.
Audience: Refers to the people one is addressing. When addressing the audience, the tone,
choice of words, the length and width of your topic are contingent upon the following factors:
age, status/occupation, level of maturity/knowledge/understanding, demographics i.e
political/historical/ethnic/cultural background (however the history and culture may not
matter in a multi-cultural setting), one also needs to bare in mind the
attitude/interests/expectations of the audience, setting i.e time (of day/ weather condition)
and place (type of space- church/mosque/temple/classroom or outside/ open space).
Purpose: What is the addresser intending to the addressee? To educate/inform/instruct/
entertain/advertise/emphasize/ caution/persuade/motivate/criticize/support/oppose an issue.
REGISTER
• Every context (level of formality) has its specific language use.
• Standard English is mostly considered appropriate to formal situations.
• The two main contexts are formal and informal contexts.
• Under the two main categories, there are a number of sub-categories of contexts. Look at the tone and manner of
expressions from these varying settings:
Language/expressions used in hospitals;
Tone- warm, kind, encouraging (with clients); directing, coordinating (among colleagues).
Common expressions- dosage, body temperature, diagnosis, quick recovery, you will be well soon.
Language/expressions used in schools;
Tone- soft, friendly, kind, polite, pleasant, encouraging, commanding & rebuking (where necessary).
Common expressions- be punctual, be silent, answer the questions, revise for tests and exams, meet the deadline for
submission of assignments, observe rules and regulations, be kind to others, be observant and reflective, may I use the
washroom, may I go out, (add more expressions you know….)
Language/expressions used in restaurants/hotels/motel;
Tone- polite, friendly, persuading, welcoming, charming, pleasant.
Common expressions- welcome, can I take your coat, how can we help you, can I take your order sir/madam/miss,
would you like coffee with milk, I’d prefer wine, please bring me the bill, we offer the best services, would you like to
book a room, I think you’ve made a mistake…
REGISTER….
Language/expressions used in fields like farm, industries and factories;
Tone- directing, commanding, coordinating.
Common expressions-bring, assemble, be punctual,
Language/expressions used in surgery/operating room/theater;
Tone- kind and encouraging (with the patient); directing, commanding, coordinating (colleagues).
Common expressions- it wont take long, I will finish in an hour.. skin to skin, what’s the patient’s
blood pressure, adjust the light, wash your hands, sterilize the gauze, bring me a blade and
scissors, I’ll just use this to remove some excess saliva, that should do it well.
Language/expressions used in advertisements;
Tone- friendly, funny, catchy, welcoming, persuading, charming. The word “you” remains the most
powerful as the whole content is client-oriented.
Common expressions- guaranteed, authenticity is our prime concern to our customers, it’s almost
free…, exclusive, available, easy to use, it’s a great deal, you don’t want to miss it, get a flat
stomach in six weeks, get better grades with less studying, get the freshest, cleanest haircut in
town, grab the best burger from McDonald’s..
Task
• Point out two different settings then suggest their tone and expressions.
*NOTE: The language you use must abide by your audience, topic and purpose.
REGISTER….
Important things about “tone” in language styles/language use.
-Tone
Tone refers to what character/attitude comes through in your words whether
written or spoken. It is not much about what you say but how you say it and the
impression it makes on your audience who read or listen/hear you.
Tone can be read in both spoken and written discourse. In a spoken discourse, a
listener can read your tone from your intonation (i.e the rise and fall of your pitch),
gestures, facial expressions (the body language) and the choice of words which will
eventually describe if you are being assertive, nonassertive or aggressive. While in
a written discourse, the choice of words (mostly describing words) and use of
interjections explain the tone of the writer, which will eventually tell if the writer is
being formal or informal, optimistic or pessimistic, joyful or sad, sincere or
hypocritical, fearful or hopeful, humorous or serious.
Tone…..
• What does it mean by assertive, nonassertive and aggressive tone of a speaker?
-Assertive tone
Characterized by a warm and friendly voice, respectful words and certainty. It is
considered ideal in problem solving and at work.
-Non-assertive tone
Not confronting, lenient, it may say to the listener that either you are not sure or you
lack self-confidence.
-Aggressive tone
Confronting, mean, rude, yelling, unbearable. Not ideal/appropriate for professional
communication.
Look at these expressions and say which is aggressive, assertive or nonassertive..
“You did a great job.”
“GET THE WORK DONE!!”
“I wonder if there is anything wrong with the letter.”
Tone….
What do these terms mean applied to “tone” in a written discourse
Formal vs informal
Optimistic vs pessimistic
Joyful vs sad
Sincere vs hypocritical
Fearful vs hopeful
Humorous vs serious.
Look at these written discourses and indicate which of these are:
- Formal or informal.
i) It is a pleasure to meet you. v) I am writing to inform you that…….
ii) Nice to meet you. vi) Just a quick line to say…………
iii) As soon as you arrive….
Tone….
-Optimistic or pessimistic
He could not make it. He is a total failure, worthless!
Things did not work as we planned, but we will keep on trying. We will go extra mile,
must achieve what we want.
-Joyful or sad
I’m feeling blue….
Hi everybody!!!!! It’s our friends birthday, hurray!
Feeling a little low…..
Sincere or hypocritical
With this, you will have all your problems solved.
Don’t be dragged down by the challenges you face. They are part of our lives but there
can still be a way out even if what you did before did not work.
Tone…..
-Serious or humorous
I do not need a hair stylist; my pillow gives me a new hairstyle every morning!
I had a very busy day….converting oxygen into carbon dioxide.
If my mouth does not say it, my face definitely will.
Be on time!
REGISTER
• Look at the following conversation then answer the questions that will follow.
OFFICER: “All rise”.
(Everyone rises from their seats as the judge comes in and takes his seat. The clerk
hands him a piece of paper).
JUDGE: “This court is now in session. The people will be seated.
(Everyone seats as the judge looks over the piece of paper).
JUDGE: “Will the defense please rise?”
JUDGE: “Will the defendant please rise?” (They both rise).
JUDGE: “Mr. Hominis, you stand accused of the crimes of kidnapping, assault,
mental, physical and sexual abuse, slavery, torture and murder. How do you plead?”
HOMINIS: “I…..I don’t understand.
JUDGE: “Did you or did you not commit these crimes?”
REGISTER…..
HOMINIS: “I’m not a murderer! I didn’t kill anybody!”
JUDGE: “Then you plead not guilty?”
HOMINIS: “Yes.”
JUDGE: “Very well then Mr. Hominis, you may approach the stand.” (The man walks
to the box side beside the judge’s desk).
JUDGE: “Will the prosecutor please rise?” (A lawyer rises).
JUDGE: “You may proceed.”
PROSECUTER: “Mr. Hominis, did you kidnap, assault, enslave, torture and kill any of
your fellow creatures?
HOMINIS: “Of course not.”
PROSECUTOR: “You did not pay someone else to commit these crimes for you?”
HOMINIS: “I did not.”
REGISTER….
JUDGE: “Didn’t you own a restaurant Mr. Hominis?”
HOMINIS: “I did.”
PROSECUTOR: “And what did you serve in that restaurant?”
HOMINIS: “What restaurants usually serve; steak, burgers, mutton, pork, veal. Is
this relevant?”
PROSECUTOR: “And do you know where your food comes from, Mr. Homilis?”
HOMONIS: “From farms?”
PROSECUTOR: “And do you know what happens to the creatures on these farms?”
HOMINIS: “I think so…why does this matter?
PROSECUTOR: “They kill them, Mr. Hominis. They confine, torture and murder
them so they can be delivered to your restaurant, isn’t that so?”
HOMONIS: “I wouldn’t call it that…..
REGISTER….
PROSECUTOR: “And did you or did you not directly pay for these atrocities to be
done on your behalf?”
HOMONIS: “I wouldn’t call them atrocities….
PROSECUTOR: “Yes or no, Mr. Hominis!”
(A brief silence…..)
JUDGE: “Answer the question.”
HOMINIS: “Yes.”
PROSECUTOR: “Nothing further.”
(The prosecutor returns to his seat while the defense attorney rises to take the floor.
He looks at the defender the looks at the jury.)
DEFENSE ATTORNEY: “Do we hold our children accountable for their actions?”
HOMINIS: “No.”
REGISTER
DEFENSE ATTORNEY: “And why not?”
HOMINIS: “They don’t know any better.”
DEFENSE ATTORNEY: “Right.”
(The defense attorney turns to the jury) “You see? Like children, Mr. Hominis simply
didn’t know what he was doing. He was simply a victim of his time and his culture
and what are clearly crimes to us seemed so normal to him that he didn’t bother
question the consequences of his actions. Can we really blame him for not realizing
what he was doing any more than we could blame one of our own children?”
(The attorney walks back to the desk as the prosecutor rises to approach the man
again).

To be continued………
QUESTIONS
1. Identify the setting of this conversation i.e (where this conversation takes
place).
2. Mention the participants involved in this conversation.
3. What terminologies /phrases did you notice that you would not hear them used
in other language settings?
4. Comment on the tone of the following:
-The Judge
-The Prosecutor
-Mr. Homilis (the accused)
-Defense Attorney
5. Do you think Mr. Homilis is aware of what he is being accused of?
Register Types
There are five language registers or language styles.
Each level has an appropriate use that varies with situations.
For example, it is not common for friends to use “vocabulary reserve” when
speaking.
Appropriateness of language style depends an audience (who), topic (what),
purpose (why) and location/setting (where).
The five language styles (register) are:
Static Register
The style of communication that rarely or never changes. It if “frozen” in time and
content. For example: prayers, divine/holy teachings (Biblical/Quranic verses), the
constitution, laws.
Places/Setting: Court, parliament, church, mosque, temple, theater.
Tone: Serious, assertive.
Register Types…
Formal Register
It is used only in formal settings and it is one-way in nature. It follows a commonly
accepted format and it is impersonal (rare use of I, you, we). For example, instead
of saying “We have considered it prudent to continue with online classes for our
safety” it is said “It has been considered prudent to continue with online classes for
the sake of everyone’s safety”.
Common examples are of formal registers are speeches, rhetorical statements and
questions, pronouncements made by judges, announcements.
Places/Setting: Offices, academic institutions, courts.
Tone: Assertive, serious,
Register Types…..
Consultative Register
Users of this style engage in a mutually accepted structure/standard of
communication. It is a professional discourse. For example: Communication
between a superior and a subordinate, doctor and patient, lawyer and client,
teacher and student, counselor and client.
The setting and tone largely depends upon the topic and who are involved in the
communication.
Casual Register
This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slangs, vulgarities, and
colloquialisms are normal. It is also referred to as “group” language meaning that
one must be member to engage in this register; buddies, teammates, group chats,
blogs.
What do you think of the setting and tone of casual register?
Types….
• Intimate Register
The communication is private, it is reserved for closely related persons such as
family members or intimate people like husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend,
siblings, parent and children.
Can you comment on the setting and tone of this type of register?
PUBLICATIONS
Newspapers, Magazines and Journals.
A newspaper is a publication usually issued daily, weekly or at other regular times that
provides news, views, features and other information of public interest and advertising.
- How newspapers came into existence.
It is believed that the modern newspaper is a European invention. The oldest direct
handwritten news sheets circulated widely in Venice as early as 1566 (16th Century) filled with
information on wars and politics. The first printed newspapers were published weekly in
Germany from 1609 (early 17th Century). They were heavily censored by the government and
reported only foreign news. After the English government relaxed censorship, newspapers
flourished in other cities in 1690s. A publication by Benjamin Harris (1690) in Boston, “Publick
Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick” paved way for both local and foreign news in the
press.
Newspapers..
Newspaper features.
-Short and catchy headlines.
-Summary of what is in the news.
-Written in the third person.
-Newspaper reports must be split into paragraphs.
-When using quotes to make reports more interesting/factual, speech marks must
be used.
-Featured with photos (with a caption) to give the reader more information.
-Contains both facts and opinions. Facts give the reader all of the information they
need, while opinions are based on one’s views, thoughts or perception about
something. They may be criticized.
Newspaper Features…
Can you point out what information one can get from newspapers?
Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and
art.
There are also opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, birth
notices, editorial cartoons and advice columns.
What is the purpose of a newspaper?
Generally, the purpose is to convey as efficiently as possible, current information to
a particular audience.
Is there a difference between newspapers and magazines?
There is no absolute way of distinguishing magazines from newspapers since they
share many features however, magazines are more likely to have detailed tables of
contents (more enlightening or entertaining) than newspapers.
Newspaper Article
An article is a piece of writing that is published in a newspaper or magazine.
A newspaper article usually contains information on urgent or burning issues in the
community, a country or around the world (especially if the topic affects a large
population universally).
It contains information based on both facts and opinions.
Topics may arise from a variety of issues and different dimensions: culture,
traditions, customs, history, religion, politics, economy, demography, ecology,
literature or myths…. And many more!
How To Write A Newspaper Article
- Title
Hook the readers with a catchy title. Be to the point.
- Lead/Introduction
This is what you want to bring to the public eye. The first paragraph should introduce the topic
by giving definitions of key terms and bringing up the subject and some background details.
-The story/topic
Bring in the issue (the burning issue). Give details in one to two paragraphs by giving facts,
bring out quotes, statements/opinions, statistics to show how intensive the issue is. Show how
and to what extent it is to the advantage or disadvantage. Give an analytic description. Make
readers see the significance of the issue.
-Initiatives
Talk about what has been done for or against the situation.
-Conclusion
Conclude and give readers contact information.
What Should A Newspaper Article Be Addressing?
At the end of the day, the newspaper article should be answering the following:
- What happened?

- Who was involved?

- Where did it happen?

- Why did it happen?

- When did it happen?

- How did it happened?

- What was/is done/ what should be done?

Task:
• Take a topic of your choice and write a single-page newspaper article.
• Be keen in following the basic procedures for writing a newspaper article.
• After you have made a choice of the topic you are writing about, you can consult
me for advice/guidance/assistance before you start writing.