READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
Prepared by: Shainah M. Sanchez. LPT
I. Basic Concepts and
Information
It refers to a study of man and
his achievements from the
beginning of written records to
the present time?
It refers to a study of man and
his achievements from the
beginning of written records to
the present time?

HISTORY AS A FIELD OF
STUDY
 As a record of events, it shows the
evolution of man and his society and from
the age of barbarism to what he is today.
 As a record of events, it shows the
evolution of man and his society and from
the age of barbarism to what he is today.

HISTORY
 In our country, it is the spring
of historical information?
 In our country, it is the spring
of historical information?

BATIS
The sources that are considered as the
lifeblood of history?
The sources that are considered as the
lifeblood of history?

PRIMARY SOURCES
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES IN HISTORY.
• diaries, correspondence, ships' logs
• original documents e.g. birth certificates, trial
transcripts
• biographies, autobiographies, manuscripts
• interviews, speeches, oral histories
• case law, legislation, regulations, constitutions
• government documents, statistical data, research
reports
• a journal article reporting NEW research or findings
• creative art works, literature
• newspaper advertisements and reportage and
editorial/opinion pieces
This are documents or works made by
individuals who are not directly involved to
the events?
This are documents or works made by
individuals who are not directly involved to
the events?

SECONDARY SOURCES
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY
SOURCES IN HISTORY.
• journal articles that comment on or analyse research
• textbooks
• dictionaries and encyclopaedias
• books that interpret, analyse
• political commentary
• biographies
• dissertations
• newspaper editorial/opinion pieces
• criticism of literature, art works or music
Considered as the third classification
of sources, it merely points the reader
to the primary or secondary source.
Considered as the third classification
of sources, it merely points the reader
to the primary or secondary source.

GENERAL REFERENCE
 A general reference merely points the
reader to the primary or secondary
source. Examples are contents of a card
catalogue. Even incomplete information in
the internet called stubs considered as
abstracts or summaries of book is also a
general reference (Grey & Biong, 2017).
 Its purpose is to ensure that the
documents are not mere forgeries or
inventions.
 Its purpose is to ensure that the
documents are not mere forgeries or
inventions.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM
If the researcher is dealing with a problem
for which source are relatively old, and for
which authenticity is not necessarily
given, there are a number of scientific
techniques available such as the physical
and chemical tests.
 Its purpose is to evaluate the
accuracy and the worth of data.
 Its purpose is to evaluate the
accuracy and the worth of data.

INTERNAL CRITICISM
 In determining the accuracy of the data,
four factors are to be considered, namely:

(a) author’s knowledge and competence,

(b) time delay,
(c) motives and biases of the author,
(d) consistency of the data.
They are subjected to rigorous scientific
analysis through external and internal
criticism.
They are subjected to rigorous scientific
analysis through external and internal
criticism.

SOURCES OF
HISTORICAL RECORD
 He states that the primary source
directly talks about the subject
matter.
 He states that the primary source
directly talks about the subject
matter.

DE VIANA 2015
Readings on
Tejeros Convention