THE MEANING OF HISTORY

The word "history" comes from the Greek word "historia," which means "inquiry learning".
History, according to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, is the orderly accounting of a group of
natural facts. This means knowledge is gained through scientific analysis of past events.
Historians create two types of theories when researching history: factual history and
speculative history. Individuals who write about history are called historians. They undertake
arduous historical research to come up with a meaningful and organized rebuilding of the past.
Modern historical writing does not only include examination of documents but also the use of
research methods from related areas of study such as archeology and geography.

In my opinion , history is something that helps us remember the past , in order to better our
future decisions. History is about the important past events that had a large impact back in the
day, which contributed to the removal and or addition of certain things that build up our
society today. People tend to do better once they become educated on what was going on in
our past history. Having knowledge about the history of something is how one starts to
progress in life and make adjustments in order to make your future into whatever you desire.
Learning about history helps us learn about the humanities own reflection and what’s good or
bad about it. This is just like a diary , people and by people I mean historians , just wrote what
they saw and what seemed to cause a major change in society and we just happen to be
reading it a couple of years later. I believe that historians actually wrote historical truth because
it makes sense and it has been scientifically proven. It is important to study history because it
teaches us about not only our own culture but about cultures all around the world. Learning
about other cultures and how they look a the world and what their opinion on certain things
are , helps us learn better ways of avoiding conflicts. History is just a way of getting us to
understand human life and helping us embrace new ways of making a healthier lifestyle.

DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. A primary source gives you direct
access to the subject of your research. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and
commentary from other researchers. A secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary
sources. Learning about Primary & Secondary sources you find specific examples of the two, such as a
primary examples would be (speeches, laws, diaries, letters, plays, ect.)Primary standing for first-hand
accounts of an event, it can be documented the day of or created retrospectively ; ( to look back on
contemplating, directed to the past) Most likely whatever primary source you find will most likely always
be the original document, and or a copy of the original. These Primary sources usually don't describe or
analyze others documents. The main ways to use a primary source in a essay/document are to look for
theories & research on your topic . Another way is to find the main focal point of you're
topic/discussion. The Secondary sources some of the examples of a secondary source would be things
like [textbooks, encyclopedias, essays, magazine/journal articles,ect.] Secondary means to be written or
documented after the event has happened; something in the past , usually written by scholars or
observers. Most Secondary sources interpret or analyze primary sources or events. Each Secondary
source has at least one step removed from what there describing, due to the fact that most Secondary
sources are written by people who weren't at the event so there always something a little off and or
missing in a secondary source.

So all together these both Primary & Secondary sources can create a great historical paper on a
current or past event. Whatever your topic is one of theses two sources will be more then likely to put
you on the path to an A plus on your next history essay/document. But always remember this one small
rule no matter what the topic and or discussion always look at multiple of both sources they can help
you out in such a huge way. Most likely if you read at least 2 of both the Primary & Secondary sources
the primary source will most likely fit the missing piece in one of your secondary sources.

IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TEXT AND EXAMINATION OF AUTHOR’S MAIN

ARGUMENTS AND POINT OF VIEW.
Knowing the author's point of view is important in determining the point he's trying to convey. Authors
bring with them their own priorities, beliefs, and values that can influence how they select and present
information. If an author omits facts or draws evidence from biased sources, it hints he's firmly on one
side of an issue. Clues are also picked up from the evidence presented in the passage and the word
choice. Use of "loaded" words or inflammatory terms is a strong signal that the author is biased.

If a passage refers to opponents as fascists or bureaucrats, the author was using emotionally charged
language to cast his opponents in the worst possible light. The Declaration of Independence is a good
example of a passage that expresses a strong author point of view with plenty of loaded words.

CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

a. Site of the first mass

The First Mass in the Philippines The first Catholic mass in the Philippines happened on March 31, 1521,
just three days after Ferdinand Magellan landed on Philippine shore. This event is seen to be the birth of
Roman Catholicism in the country. The location of the mass was contentious. Originally it was thought to
be in the island of Limasawa, in Leyte, but other historians argue that a mistranslation resulted to that
error, and that the place should be Butuan (the place where the Golden Tara was also discovered). That
issue reached the Congress, which in 1996 directed the National Historical Institute to recommend a
historical finding . The panel was composed of several historians, some of which became my professors
in UP Diliman Department of History. The panel and the NHI reaffirmed in 1998 that the place is
Limasawa, but the controversy is still alive until today. First Mass at Limasawa, was painted by National
Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco, in 1965 it is now on display at the National Art Gallery of the National
Museum of the Philippines.

CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

a. Cavity Mutiny
Cavite Mutiny – happened January 20, 1872 – a brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the
Cavite arsenal served as an excuse for renewed Spanish repression. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the
Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist cause. The uprising was used by the
Spanish colonial government to implicate and sentence to death by garotte Fathers Mariano Gómez,
José Burgos and Jacinto Zamora on February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan, and several other Filipino leaders.
These executions, particularly those of the GOMBURZA, were to have a significant effect on people
because of the shadowy nature of the trials. Dr. Jose Rizal dedicated his work, El Filibusterismo, to the
executed priests. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino
nationalism which eventually led to the 1896 Philippine Revolution. (Philippine News Agency archives,
2012) The Cavite Mutiny has two existing versions comes from the two opposing side, the Spanish and
Filipino. Thus, we chose to defend the side which was pointing that it happens due to the concerted
efforts of disgruntled native soldiers and laborers of Cavite arsenal who willfully revolted to overthrow
the Spanish rule. The Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was written by Jose Montero y Vidal.

CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

a. Retraction of rizal
CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

a. Cry of balintawak of pugad lawin

Cry of Balintawak/ Pugad Lawin The of the discovery of the Katipunan spread throughout Manila and the
suburbs , Bonifacio, informed of the discovery, secretly instructed his runners to summon all the leaders
of the society to a general assembly to be held on August 24. They were to meet at Balintawak to
discuss the steps to be taken to meet the crisis. That same night of August 19, Bonifacio , accompanied
by his brother Procopio, Emelio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del Rosario, slipped through the
cordon of Spanish sentries and reached Balintawak before midnight. Pio Valenzuela followed them the
next day. On the 21st, Bonifacio changed the Katipunan code because the Spanished authorities had
already deciphered it. In the afternoon of the same day, the rebels, numbering about 500, left
Balintawak for Kangkong, where Apolonio Samson, a Katipunero, gave them food and shelter. In the
afternoon of August 22,they proceeded to Pugadlawin.
SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES