PRELIM

Find out how much you absorbed from the readings.

1. What is history ?

History is the study of the past specifically, the people, societies,events and problems of
the past and our attempts to understand them.It is a pusuit common to all human
societies. History can be a tremendous story , a rolling narrative filled with great
personalities and takes of turmoil and triumph. Each passing generations adds its own
chapters to our history while reinterpreting and finding new things in those chapters
already written.

2. How the word "history" did come about ? Discuss its etymology and evolution.

The short version is that the term history has evolved from an ancient Greek verb that
means to "to know", says the Oxford English Dictionary's Philip Durkin.The Greek word
historia originally meant inquiry, the act of seeking knowledge,as well as the knowledge
that results from inquiry.

Evolution simply means change over time,changing species, changing populations,

change in the characteristics of individuals in a species.

The word history comes from the Ancient Greek íóéopíá (historia), means "inquiry" ,
"knowledge from inquiry" or "judge". It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in
his History of Animals.

Reflect on Your Past

1. Has your oast influenced you in one way or another?How does your past shape your
Identity and behavior? Discuss your answers.

Yes, my past have influenced me in many ways like for example when I was still little
five year's old when I was with my friends playing in the neighborhood, I was suddenly
attack by a dog and it almost bite my leg ,I was really scared that time ,it was
traumatizing for me and it made me afraid of a street dogs 'till this day. And another is
lack of parents interest ,it has impact to me ,it was hard for me how to handle the
situation. It shaped me to become an independent and mature individual at a young age
and to thrive to make decisions for myself.
Test Your Skill

1. How is your understanding of history different from what is explained in this lesson ?

History is the branch of knowledge that deals systematically with the past ; a
recording,analyzing, correlation and explaining of past events.It is the story of who we
are ,where we come from and also ,it can affect the present and the future.

2. How history is commonly defined according to Gottschalk?

Gottschalk,Louis Reichenthal (1889-1975) is a historian and also an educator that was

born on Brooklyn, N.Y.He is an expert for Lafayette and also the French revolution.He
had been an educator for many years at the University of Chicago.

According to him , "History consists of description and narration of past actuality

integrated through critical inquiry for the whole truth." He wants us to be aware of the
mankind's past through seeking be thirsty for historical knowledge.He believed that the
past have contributed in strengthening us for the future.

3. What does a historian do ?As a student of history,what do you think will be your
"duties"?

Historians collect and evaluate information from primary sources to answer questions
about historical events, a process known as the historical method .They analyze written
records, physical artifacts and other types of evidence during the course of their
investigations .

4. What role does history take in the study of Philippines society, culture, and identity?

In order to not repeat past mistakes,we study History.History helped to the society to
take form, what we see today.Culture and history correlates which reflects the identity of
our country Social behavior in media , affects the image of our country. Many foreign
people see our country based on widespread information on social media posted by
Filipinos. e.g: The lamentation of families of the victims on so-called "extra judicial
killing".

Extend Your Knowledge

Research on what Teodoro Agoncillo,Reynaldo Ileto, and Renato Constantino said about
history.Do you agree with them ? Write at least 100 words.
Agoncillo said: « History is about the past, not the future. We use history to avoid the
mistakes of the past, not to recreate the same events. You can`t. Despite Agoncilo`s
controversial tone and so-called left-wing form, his book History of the Filipino People,
first published in 1960, remains a standard teaching book popular in many Philippine
universities, as well as many other works by Agoncillos. Gregorio Zaide, Teodoro
Agoncillo, Reynaldo Ileto and Renato Constantino are the most eminent Filipino
historians of the 20th century that emerged in the post-war period. However, opponents
of Agoncillo argue that Agoncillo`s works still suffer from unequal erudition, notably
through its use (or especially non-use) of reliable historical sources, even if his
opponents have not been able to offer solid rebuttals. [Citation required] Agoncillo is
related to Don Felipe Agoncillo, the Philippine diplomat who represented the Philippines
in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris (1898), and to Doa Marcela Agoncillo,
one of the most important seamstresses of the Philippine flag.

While Constantino believed that history should be rewritten as struggle of the people
towards freedom and liberty.He opines that a history biased towards the struggls of the
people is one that could free the Filipino's consciousness from years of colonial
miseducation.Indeed ,Tato's controversial image as a historian and journalist made him
one of the most influential public intellectuals of his generation. Ileto had a similar belief
of "a history from below."

Find out how much you absorbed from this reading .

1. Why is primary source important in the study of history?

Primary sources are valuable to historians because they give insight into the ways in
which historical figures understood or internalized what they experienced, their place or
significance in history, and give historians an understanding of historical figures'
opinions.

2. What is the purpose of a secondary source?

The purpose of secondary sources is to interpret ,or explain the meaning of the
information in primary sources.Secondary sources help you to understand more about a
person's life as well as how and why an historical event happened.

Reflect Upon

1. At present, how do you discriminate between contradicting reports of a single event

from different sources?
1) Accuracy. Verify the information you already know against the information found in
the source. Look also for disclaimers as to the accuracy of the content. You may also want
to double-check the information against a source that you already know is trustworthy.
Even though a source may use technical language, the content may be misleading.

2) Authority. Make sure the source is written by a trustworthy author and/or institution.
If you are using a webpage, you can usually identify the owner/publisher be the URL, or
check for a copyright statement near the bottom of the page. Make sure the author the
proper credentials on the subject matter. also, determine if the source is biased. For
example, if it is medical information from a drug company, that company will provide
information in support of its product. Be aware of the objectivity of the author and
his/her viewpoints.

3)Currency.Depending on the subject , the currency needs will vary .For topics related to
recent breakthroughs in medicine and technology, you will need to find up-to-date
sources. If, however , the research is about historical topic , older resources may still be
useful.For webpages ,we can often find a copyright date near the bottom. Also, look for
the words "revised " or "update" to find the date of the website.

4) Coverage. You will also want to examine the content of the source and how it fits your
information needs. Identify it's relevancy to your topic and weather or not it addresses
the subject matter. Also, make sure it provides enough information if you are looking for
a source that discusses the matter in-depth. Additionally, determine if the site provides
all the data you may need. For example, if you need to include graphs or charts in your
paper, try to find a source that provides these.

To summarize, check who published the source, the purpose of the ,when it was
created/updated ,and its content. Also see if it has any potential bias and , if a webpage ,
provides reference or reliable links to other sources.

Test Your Skills

1. What is the main distinction between primary source and secondary source?

Primary sources are firsthand , contemporary accounts of events created by individuals

during that period of time or several years later (such as correspondence, diaries,
memories and personal histories). Secondary sources often uses generalizations,
analysis, interpretation and synthesis of primary sources.

2. What are the materials that can be used and considered as primary sources?
The following types of materials can be considered primary sources:

*Personal Papers.Journals.Diaries.Correspondence /letters.

*Organization records

*Newspaper article

*Original research

*Original works of literature

*Photograph

*Arts

3.Why should official records of the government be made accesible to the public ?

Official records of the government is made accesible to the public for transparency.
Official government records should be made public to every citizen.This is usually done
through official government gazettes for public viewing.They are further placed on local
media in order for them to get closer to their audience . It is the constitutional right of
ever citizen to access official government records for any reason , ranging from
investigations and even keeping in touch.

Extend Your Knowledge

Research the findings on the remains of what was then considered the earliest known
human remains in the Philippines--Tabon Man.Read the excerpts and do a comparative
analysis.

 Robert B. Fox . The Tabon Caves: Archeological Explorations and Excavations on

Palawan Island , Philippines (Manila,1970)p.40.
After reading please answer the following questions:
1.Which is the primary source and the secondary source between the two
readings?
Primary Sources: Robert B. Fox. The Tabon Caves: Archeological Explorations and
Excavations on Palawan Island, Philippines (Manila 1970)
Secondary Sources: William Henry Scott. Prehispanic Source Materials for the
study of Philippines History (Revised Edition)(Quezon City,1984)
2. Do a credibility analysis of the sources.Who between the two authors is more
credible to talk about the topic?
 Robert B. Fox is more credible to talk about the topic.The source provide raw
information and firsthand evidence.

What Have I learned So Far?

1. Who is Antonio Pigafetta? What is his role in Magellan-Elcano expedition?

Antonio Pigafetta is from a rich family in Italy. During his 30's he joined the
expedition to the Spice Islands together with Ferdinand Magellan.He served as
Magellan's assistant during the expedition.During their expedition in the
Philippines, he helped Magellan in translating the Cebuano language.He learned
to speak Cebuano because of his journal.After the death of Magellan, Pigafetta
returned to Spain together with other 17 men. Their return was under the
command of Juan Sebastian Elcano.The source of information about their
expedition was all recorded in Pigafetta's journal.
2.Based on Pigafetta's account, how did the battle of Mactan start?
There lived two rivals chiefs --- Zula and Lapu-Lapu . While the former welcomed
the Spanish conquistador and submitted to Spain, Lapu-Lapu strongly opposed
Magellan's proposal and Humabon's orders.Thus , sparking the Battle of Mactan.
3. Why was Pigafetta's journal not published?
Pigafetta wrote four manuscripts which has survived modern times .Three of
them are written un French and only one is in his Italian dialect of Veneto with
some Spanish words in the mix.
The controversy arose when Augustinian scholar Carlo Amoretti attempted to
translate the manuscripts.However the translation were deemed inaccurate since
many of details were lost in translation.Another problem was Amoretti translated
it to may different languages and thus spread inaccuracies during the time.
An Italian archivist named Andrea Da Mosto started hos work of translating
Pigafetta's manuscripts and is now deemed the most accurate and closest
translation the worl will ever see

Test Your Skills:

1. According to Pigafetta, how did the locals of the island welcome Magellan and
his crew?
According to Pigafetta,locals like Rajah Humabon and his wife Juana welcomed
Magellan and his crew peacefully. Magellan or one of his crew members were
able to cure the Rajah's ill grandson, so in return , the latter has. allowed some of
his followers to be baptized as Christians. However,not all locals were very
 welcoming as Magellan was soon killed by in a battle with another native leader ,
Lapu-Lapu.
2.How are the Islander's way of life , cultural practices,and religious beliefs
describe? What does Pigafetta's account tell us about the condition of the Visayan
Islands in the 16th century?
According to Pigafetta, gold is abundant and iron is scarce . Men and women
enjoyed quality to some. extent.They have clothing for formal occasions and day-
to-day labour . It's the best description we have of the Philippines in the early 16th
century, and of just how Magellan's expedition encountered the Islands and the
people, so it's very valuable.
3.What do you think is the relevance of Pigafetta's account on the study of
Philippine history?
Pigafetta's work is important not only as a source of information about the voyage
itself,but also includes an early Western description of the people and languages
of the Philippines. Of the approximately 240 men who set out with Magellan,
Pigafetta was one of only 18 who returned to Spain.
4. Do you think Christianity in our country exist without Magellan?
No, I don't think it was a good thing that the Spaniards forced Christianity upon
our people. Our country used to have vast religions that worshipped the Gods, and
we even had places of worship.But the Spaniards saw them as blasphemy and
completely disrespected our beliefs.They burned down our writings,threw them
away , and even mutilated places of worship.Forcing your beliefs unto other
people is never good. It's like your saying that your beliefs are better than anyone
else.

Extend Your Knowledge

Find famous place which you love and like to go and explain why you like to go to
that place. Explain the relevance of that certain place.Also include the famous
food delicacies they have in that area.
Filipinos are renowned for the immense pride they take in their homeland.
Anything made in the Philippines or achieved by a Filipino, especially when
recognized abroad, sets off a flood of national joy. In a country as startlingly
beautiful as the Philippines, there is indeed plenty to be proud of.The famous
place which I love and like to go is El Nido, Philippines. With its gorgeous rock
formations, pristine beaches and clear aquamarine waters, El Nido is a place that
makes Filipinos beam with pride. Located on the northern tip of mainland
Palawan, the municipality of El Nido has been increasingly drawing tourists in
 year after year, with more travellers, both local and foreign, discovering its
undeniable beauty. The area is responsible in large part for why Palawan is
recognized –and has been for some time – as the best island in the world.

Find out how much you absorbed from the readings.

1.Who is Fr. Juan de Plasencia? When did he serve in the Philippines Islands ?
Miguel Juan de Plasencia was a Spanish friar of the Franciscan order.He was
among the first group of Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the Philippines
on July 2, 1578. As soon as he arrived , he joined forces with another missionary
,Fray Diego de Oropesa, and they both started preaching around Laguna de Bay
and Tayabas , Quezon , in Quezon Province, where he founded several towns.
2.How did he describe the hierarchy of people in barangay?
In Fr. Juan de Plasencia describe the hierarchy of people in barangay into three
castes which are Nobles (maharlika), Commoners (aliping namamahay) and
slaves (aliping sa guiguilar).

Reflect on Your Past

1. As a Filipino citizen, what do you think is the relevance of studying the customs
of Tagalogs?Explain.
Customs of the Tagalogs, just like any other colonial texts written during the
Spanish colonial period, was intentionally made to provide an exoticize
description of the Tagalog natives, clearly fed by politics and propaganda and
operated with the Western-outsider's gaze, that would be appealing to them.