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ELECTRICAL EHV SUBSTATION (GIS)

LOCAL OFFICE TRAINING COURSE

PUBLIC INTERNAL RESTRICTED CONFIDENTIAL

1
Description and Functions of Different Components

 PURPOSE
- This training course is necessary for introducing the inexperienced power plant personnel to the basic concepts and
theory of power station equipment and design; and has been specifically designed to cover the general aspects of
all major power plant equipment and systems within DATAN 7 Add-on Combined Cycle Power Plant scope. This
course also serves as a state-of-the-art review for more experienced personnel.

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CONTENT

Part 1 Introduction of GIS

Part 2 Need of GIS

Part 3 Components of GIS

Part 4 SF6 Gas

Part 5 Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

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Introduction of GIS

 Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) are high voltage substations

that are compact, requiring little maintenance when compared
to air-insulated conventional substations.

 Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) consist basically a conductor

supported on insulators inside an enclosure which is filled with
sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6).

 The compactness is with the use of SF6 gas, which has high
dielectric strength.

 The space between the conductor and the enclosure is filled

with sulfur hexafluoride gas under moderate pressure.

 GIS was first developed in various countries between 1968 and

1972. After about 5 years of experience, the use rate increased
to about 20% of new substations in countries where space is
limited. In other countries with space easily available, the higher
cost of GIS relative to AIS has limited use to special cases.

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Need for GIS

• Non availability of sufficient space: It is very much required to establish a substation at load center. Total space
required for a GIS is 10% of that needed for a conventional substation.

• Difficult climatic and seismic conditions at site: high altitude and atmospheric pollution.

• Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any periodical inspections.

• The higher the voltage, the more favorable gas insulated technology becomes. The footprint of 765kV conventional
substation is enormous, and GIS technology allows a significant size reduction.

• GIS technology can be used for installations in areas where the cost of real estate is appreciable.

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Components of GIS

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Components of GIS
 Gas-insulated busbars (Main busbar).

 Circuit Breaker.

 Switch-disconnector.

 Grounding switch.

 Current Transformer.

 Voltage transformer.

 Arrester.

 Connection elements.

 Local control compartment.

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Components of GIS
 Gas-insulated busbars (Main busbar): The busbar is the conductor connected between several equipment and
power circuits. Each busbar (single phase) has an enclosure. The chamber is filled with gas (SF6) sulphur
hexafluoride.

 Circuit Breaker: The circuit breaker allows the normal current to flow and cut the abnormal current. In the circuit
breaker, three phases are arranged horizontally or vertically. The stationary and moving power contacts are
located inside the gas-insulated chamber.

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Components of GIS
 Switch Disconnector / Isolator: It is dangerous to
work in a GIS when the circuit breaker is open,
because both ends, or one of the two ends of the
circuit breaker may be energized. Therefore, the
switch-disconnector / isolator is provided in
strategic locations to ensure the safety of service
personnel. It does not include the function of
turning off the power during normal / abnormal
operation. It can only be disconnected when the
circuit breaker is open. It is operated by the
motor drive mechanism.

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Components of GIS

 Earthing Switch: The earthing switch is the

unit that grounds the line after opening the
isolator. It normally discharges the capacitive
charge current through the earth. Three
phases are operated at a time. The earthing
switch must always be open before the
closing command issued at the circuit breaker
or isolators. The earthing switch could be
manually operated or motorized.

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Components of GIS

 CURRENT TRANSFORMER: The current

transformer is the unit to reduce the current to
a proportional value to make it suitable for
protection relays, meters. The Ring-type
Current Transformer is a Current transformer
with a secondary winding distributed around a
ring-type core. It has a long magnetic path
and a single primary turn.

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Components of GIS

 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER: The voltage

transformer reduces the operating voltage to the
proper level so that same can be used for
metering and protection purpose.
 LIGHTING ARRESTOR: The pressurized part of the
sealed surge arrester (lighting arrestor) consists of VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
a discharge resistor made of metal oxide. In case
of overvoltage, this part acquires a conductivity to
limit the overvoltage to a non-dangerous level.
The surge arrester a single-phase and single-
phase enclosure sealed with insulation. The
arrester has sufficient thermal capacity for the
discharge capacity, and the arrester is equipped
with a surge counter.

SURGE ARRESTOR

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Components of GIS

 CONNECTING ELEMENTS:
 Cable connections usually consist of an epoxy
resin insulator and can be either dry type or fluid
filled type.
 SF6 / Air Bushing is used for connecting overhead
conductors with an SF6 bus duct. CABLE TERMINATION SF6 / AIR BUSHING
WITH SF6 BUS

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Components of GIS

 LOCAL CONTROL CABINET (LCC)

 The function of the (LCC) is to control each
module of the GIS and to monitor the conditions.
 In general, the (LCC) is designed with a stand-
alone panel concept and includes the electrical
elements necessary for the control and
monitoring of the GIS.

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SF6 Gas

 INTRODUCTION: The objective of this training session is to present an overview of the characteristics and
basic properties of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), which is widely used today as a means of isolating several
medium voltage equipment ( MV), High Voltage (HV).
 MANUFACTURE AND PURIFICATION: The only industrial process currently in use is the synthesis of sulphur
hexafluoride by promoting a reaction between the fluoride obtained by electrolysis and sulphur, following
an exothermic reaction. During this reaction, a number of other sulphur fluorides are formed, in particular
SF4, SF2, S2F2 and S2F10, as well as impurities due to the presence of moisture, air and carbon anodes used
for electrolysis of fluoride. These by-products are extracted by various purification processes.
 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
 Colourless.
 Odourless.
 Non toxic: Pure SF6 gas is not dangerous to health. However, the impure SF6 gas contains toxic impurities.
 Inflammable.
 Physical state: gas at normal temperature and pressure.
 Density: heavy gas, with a density 5 times higher than that of air at 20 ° C and atmospheric pressure.
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SF6 Gas

 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES:
 The dielectric strength of SF6 gas atmospheric pressure is 2.35 times higher than that of air and is 30% lower
than the dielectric oil used in oil circuit breakers.
 At higher pressure, the dielectric strength of the gas increases. Under a pressure of about 3 kgf / cm2, the
dielectric strength of the SF6 gas is greater than that of the dielectric oil. This property allows a smaller
equipment size for the same KV.
 The breakdown voltage of the SF6 gas depends on several aspects such as the electrode configuration, the
roughness of the electrodes, the distribution of the electric field, the vicinity of the insulating supports, the
humidity, the wave shape, etc. Other parameters remain constant and the breakdown voltage of SF6
increases as a function of pressure. The gas obeys Paschen's law, according to which "in a uniformly
distributed electric field, the breakdown voltage (Vb) of a gas is directly proportional to the product of the
gas pressure (p) and to the spacing of the electrodes (d).

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SF6 Gas

 MAINTENANCE OF SF6 GAS: A basic maintenance and preservation procedure for sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
gas that essentially comprises the following procedures:
 Loading & ventilation: If there is a drop in the pressure of certain GIS zones at the warning level during the
normal operating state of the GIS, it is necessary to proceed with SF6 gas loading. The gas charging unit is
always preferred over direct loading in order to eliminate waste. The pressure regulator must be installed in
case of direct loading to prevent liquefaction of the gas.

 Inspection and detection of leaks: The part in which the gas is still hermetically sealed and loaded at high
pressure is to be inspected to verify that there is no pressure drop by leaving it, several times, under the
pressure used. Examine this part with a gas detector to check for gas leaks.

SF6 gas sealing is checked as per the following process:

 SF6 gas leakage detector and vinyl are prepared.

 Check the area for gas leakage.

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SF6 Gas

 Check the area in which there can be possible gas leakage by using detector from gas pipeline and valve
connecting part. If there is not gas leakage in gas pipeline, perform leakage test on connection part of
reservoir flange. If leakage is not found from valve connecting part, seal each part with vinyl and check
after 12 hours.

SF6 DETECTOR

Moisture content & purity measurement.

Drying and gas filtering.

  
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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

 THE FUNCTION OF THE FAULT RECORDING SYSTEM (FR): A fault is the unexpected event in the system that
disrupts the power flow in the power plant, the transmission system such as a flash on the insulators or a
shaft on the transmission line and so on. For effective power flow, the protection system is used to clear the
fault in the power system.

The fault recording system (FR) is used to record the phenomena of the power system and the behaviour of
the protection system.

In general, when the fault occurs in the power system, the fault recording system will record the relative
information - the digital signal, current and voltage of the equipment for the analysis of the disturbance
event.

The recorded data will be retrieved from the master station to analyse the fault event, fault location, and
protection performance by the analyst engineer.

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

 OPERATION OF THE FAULT RECORDING SYSTEM (FR): When the fault occurs in the power system, power
system disturbance analysis is an important function to control the performance of the equipment and the
power system. In addition to the event sequence recording devices at the control centre, the equipment
that plays an important role is the fault recording system or the digital fault recorder (DFR).

The general characteristics of the FR are the recording of many system disturbance data such as current,
voltage and various digital signal states relevant to the protection of the transmission system, when it
suspects that a failure may occur in the plant. and the transmission system. The analysis of the disturbance
of the system is based on the phenomena 50 Hz associated with the defect of the power system.

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

• A FAULT RECORDER EXECUTES THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS:

Multi-channel analog input waveform recording and Multi-channel digital input recording.
Storage of several fault registers, ready for download / analysis and recording time of several seconds.
Trigger from any analog or digital input channel, or quantity derived from a combination of inputs, or
manually.
Evaluate the distance of the fault location for one or more feeders and variable pre / post-trigger recording.
Time synchronisation (IRIG-B, GPS, etc.) and standard data transfer (IEEE COMTRADE (IEC 60255-24), etc.
Communication links to the control centre (Ethernet, modem, etc.).
Analog channels are provided to record large currents and voltages at the location of the fault recorder.
Digital inputs are provided to capture signals such as circuit breaker opening, protection relay operation,
inter-trip signals, and so on. so that a complete picture of the sequence of events can be established.
The information can then be used to verify that the post-fault sequence of operations is correct or to help
determine the cause of an unexpected sequence of operations.
Some fault records have been shown in the figures below:

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

Phase to earth fault

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

Phase to phase fault

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

Phase to phase to ground fault

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

Three Phase fault

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

Current profile during the transformer energization

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Analysis of Various Incidents in Fault Recording System

• RECORD TIME DIAGRAM: Disturbances in

the power system can exist from a few
seconds to several minutes. The recording
of each disturbance is divided into sections
covering the periods before, during and
after, and each of these periods may have
different sampling rates. Time
synchronization is also an essential feature,
to allow a record of one recorder to be
aligned with another of the same event
from a different recorder to obtain a
complete picture of the events.

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