Power Electronics

Course Code: EEE-338

Lecture 9
Single-phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier
with R & RL Load
Review

 Review

Thyristors
SCR i-v characteristics
The Controlled Half-wave Rectifier
A way to control the output of a half-wave rectifier is to use an SCR instead of a diode.
Two conditions must be met before the SCR can conduct:
The SCR must be forward-biased
A current must be applied to the gate of the SCR.
Unlike the diode, the SCR will not begin to conduct as soon as the source becomes
positive.
Conduction is delayed until a gate current is applied, which is the basis for using the SCR
as a means of control.
Once the SCR is conducting, the gate current can be removed, and the SCR remains on
until the current goes to zero.
 ൅ ‫ݒ‬஺௄ െ
Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܭ‬
‫݅ ܩ ܫ‬௢
ீ
 The source voltage is a sine wave with a maximum Gat e
Control
AC
‫ݒ‬௦ ൌ ߱ ‫ݐ‬
ܸ௠ •‹
value and period input ܴ
During the positive half-cycle,
The voltage at the SCR anode is positive w.r.t. the cathode
SCR will conduct if a trigger pulse is applied to the gate
Current flows through the load resistor .
The load voltage follows the positive half-sine wave 0 𝛼  𝜋
   
is called as firing delay angle
Time period from to is called conduction angle
 ൅ ‫ݒ‬஺௄ െ
Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܭ‬
‫݅ ܩ ܫ‬௢
ீ
 During the negative half-cycle, Gat e
Control
AC
‫ݒ‬௦ ൌ
ܸ௠ •‹ ‫ݐ‬
The voltage at the anode becomes negative w.r.t the cathode input
߱
ܴ
and the SCR turns OFF
Then no current flows through
NO voltage appears across load
is called as firing delay angle
0 𝛼  𝜋
Time period from to is called conduction angle    
 ൅ ‫ݒ‬஺௄ െ
Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܭ‬
‫݅ ܩ ܫ‬௢
ீ
The
  DC component Gat e
Control
AC
‫ݒ‬௦ ൌ
ܸ௠ •‹
߱‫ݐ‬
input ܴ
The dc component of the current for the resistive load is

RMS values
0 𝛼  𝜋
   

the magnitude of the output voltage is controlled by the firing

angle.
Increasing by firing the SCR later in the cycle lowers the
voltage, and vice versa.
The maximum output voltage, , occurs at
This is the same voltage as for a half-wave diode circuit.
Therefore, if the SCR is fired at a = 0°, the circuit acts like a
diode rectifier.
Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load
 Example
A half-wave controlled rectifier is supplied from a 120 V source. If the load resistance is
10 , find the load voltage and power to the load for the following delay angles:
,,,,
Solution
, ,
 At ,
At ,
At ,
At ,
At ,
Therefore the power can be varied from zero to a maximum of 293 W
Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load
 Example
Calculate α circuit to produce an average voltage of 40 V across a 100 load resistor from
a 120 V rms 60-Hz AC source. Determine the power absorbed by the resistance
Solution
If an uncontrolled half-wave rectifier is used, the average voltage will be
Some means of reducing the average resistor voltage to the design specification of 40 V
must be found.
A series resistance or inductance could be added to an uncontrolled rectifier, or a
controlled rectifier could be used.
The controlled rectifier has the advantage of not altering the load or introducing losses,
so it is selected for this application.
Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load
Example  

  𝑉𝑚 𝛼 sin 2𝛼
𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠=

 
2
1− +
√
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉 2𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑅
 ൅ ‫ݒ‬஺௄ െ
Single-phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with RL Load ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܭ‬
݅௢ ൅
The
  SCR is triggered at a firing angle of , the load current increases ‫ܩ‬
ܴ ‫ݒ‬ோ
slowly. AC െ
‫ݒ‬௦ ൌ ߱ ‫ݐ‬
ܸ௠ •‹
input ൅
The inductance in the load forces the current to lag the voltage. ‫ܮ‬ ‫ݒ‬௅
െ
The voltage across the load is positive, and the inductor is storing energy
in its magnetic field.
When the applied voltage becomes negative, the SCR is reverse-biased.
However, the energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor is
returned and maintains a forward-decaying current through the load.
The current continues to flow until (called the advance angle), when the
SCR turns off.
The voltage across the inductor then changes polarity, and me voltage
across the load becomes negative.
As a result, the average output voltage becomes less than it would be
with a purely resistive load.
The waveforms for output voltage and current contain a significant
amount of ripples.
Single-phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with RL Load & FWD
With a Freewheeling
൅‫ ݒ‬െ
Diode
஺௄
‫ܣ‬ ‫ܭ‬
݅௢ ൅
‫ܩ‬ ݅஽
ܴ ‫ݒ‬ோ
AC െ
‫ݒ‬௦ ൌ ߱ ‫ݐ‬
ܸ௠ •‹
input ൅
‫ܮ‬ ‫ݒ‬௅
െ

𝑣  𝐴𝐾