Session 1

(world view of signals)

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

What is a ‘Signal’?
A Signal may be defined as a physical quantity that
varies with respect to time, space or any other
independent variable
Examples:
Speech (telephony, radio, everyday
communication)
Biomedical signals (ECG, EEG brain signals)
Sound and music
Video and image
Radar signals
Temperature, Speed of a vehicle etc.
Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)
Introduction
A system is described (physical, mathematical, or
computational) by the way it transforms an input
signal into an output signal

  Input  
System  Output

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

The signals and systems approach has broad
applications in electrical, mechanical, optical,
acoustic, biological, financial, ….

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

• Signals are mathematical functions
Independent variable time
Dependent variable voltage, flowrate, sound pressure

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

Signals from physical systems often functions as
continuous time
Example: mass and spring system
leaky tank system
Signals from communication systems often
functions as discrete time

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

Active learning Module 1(ungraded assignment)
Q: Enter your perception of real time signals and systems

Fill the google form with the following link

 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe4XwE3P-d-yeIme5mFAfx9xvLDCGKFhHPi
BqfyOYWP-8k3Iw/viewform?usp=sf_link

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

Analog, Discrete Time and Digital Signals

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

Mathematical Representation of DT sequences. . .

•1.  Tabular Representation:

2. Sequence Representation:

3. Mathematical Representation:

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

Session 2

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

Classification of Signals

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

1. Deterministic and Random Signals
•The
  deterministic signal is a signal for which at any time
instant t the value of x(t) are given as a real or complex
number
Examples: ,

A random or stochastic signal is a signal for which the

value of x(t) can not be predicted ahead of time or cannot be
reproduced using the process a generating the signal
Examples: speech, music, seismic signals etc.

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

2. Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
• periodic
A   signal is a signal that satisfies the property

Examples:

A signal that does not satisfy the conditions of periodicity is called nonperiodic
Example: Unit Step Function

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

3. Real and Complex Signals
•  real signal takes its values in the set of real, i.e.
A

A complex signal takes it's values in the set of complex numbers

i.e.

Complex signals are usually used in communications to model

signal that convey amplitude and phase information.
Complex signal can be represented by two real signals.
These two real signals can be either the real and imaginary
parts or the absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) and
phase

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

4. Causal and Noncausal Signals
•  The concept of causality is an important concept in classifying

system.
This concept has a close relation to realizability of a system.
Causal signals are assumed to be produced by physical devices
or systems.
 If a physical signal generator is turned on at time t = 0, then
the produced causal signal y(t) satisfies

The causal signal can exist only at or after the time in which
the signal generator is turned on.
 Signals that are not causal are called noncausal

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

5. Even and Odd Signals
• The
   signal is even if the below equation
 The signal is odd if the below equation

 Any signal can be written in terms of its even and odd components
+
 The even signal has mirror symmetry with respect to the vertical axis (b)
 The odd signal is symmetrical with respect to the origin (a)

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)

6. Energy and Power Signals
•  The energy of a signal is defined as the area under the

square of the magnitude of the signal

Average power of the signal is given by

A signal with finite energy and zero power is called

Energy Signal

A signal with finite power and infinite energy is called

Power Signal

Dept. of ECE , KLEF (Deemed to be University)