DR S & S S GHANDHY

GOVERNMENT
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE SURAT

Advance Environmental
Instrumentation 
(3151302)
 Content

• Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Beer Lambert Law

• Spectroscopy (Principle And

Methods)
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM

Distribution of the continuum of all radiant energies can be

plotted either as a function of wavelength or of frequency in a
chart known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
It ranges from shorter wavelengths (including x-rays and
gamma rays) to longer wavelengths (microwaves and radio
waves).
Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
EMR(electromagnetic radiation) extends over a wide
range of energies or wavelengths or frequencies.
 The Electromagnetic Waves Are Grouped Into
Types That Have Similar Wavelengths And So
Have Similar Properties.
 Electromagnetic Waves Form A Continuous Series
In Order Of Changing Wavelength, Frequency And
Energy.
 This Series Is Called The Electromagnetic
Spectrum.
 EMR  in  the  range  of  0.4  µm  to  0.7  µm
is  known as the visible region. 
 White light contains a mix of all wavelengths
in  the visible region.
USES
Most parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are
used in science for spectroscopic and other
probing interactions, as ways to study and
characterize matter.
In addition, radiation from various parts of the
spectrum has found many other uses for
communications and manufacturing.
Astronomers use the entire electromagnetic
spectrum to observe a variety of things. Radio
waves and microwaves – the longest wavelengths
and lowest energies of light – are used to peer
inside dense interstellar clouds and track the
motion of cold, dark gas
The Beer –Lambert Law
Lambert’s Law :- Beer’s Law :-

When a ray of When a

monochromatic light monochromatic light
passes through an passes through an
absorbing medium its absorbing medium its
intensity decreases intensity decreases
exponentially as the
exponentially as the
length of the absorbing
medium increases. concentration of the
absorbing medium
increases.
USES
By comparing the spectra of suspected toxins with
those from the crime scene, the nature of the
poison can be determined. Once the identity of the
poison is determined, Beer's law can be used to
determine the concentration of poison in the
tainted wine.
 Beer-Lamberts law is applied to the analysis of a
mixture by spectrophotometry, without the need
for extensive pre-processing of the sample.
 Examples include the determination of bilirubin in
blood plasma samples.
 The spectrum of pure bilirubin is known thus the
molar absorbance is known.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the precise study of color as
generalized from visible light to all bands of the
electromagnetic spectrum

Principles of Spectroscopy
• The principle is based on the measurement of
spectrum of a sample containing atoms /
molecules.
• Spectrum is a graph of intensity of absorbed or
emitted radiation by sample verses frequency (ν)
or wavelength (λ).
• Spectrometer is an instrument design to measure
the spectrum of a compound.
This are three types of spectroscopy

1. Absorption Spectroscopy
2. Emission Spectroscopy
3. Ramen spectroscopy

Absorption Spectroscopy:

• An analytical technique which concerns with the

measurement of absorption of electromagnetic
radiation.
Emission Spectroscopy:

• An analytical technique in which emission (of a

particle or radiation) is dispersed according to
some property of the emission & the amount of
dispersion is measured.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

• When light interacts with molecules in a gas, liquid, or solid,

the vast majority of the photons are dispersed or scattered at
the same energy as the incident photons. This is described
as elastic scattering, or Rayleigh scattering
Presented by

 Group no:-8
• 190230113007-Hemant.A.Chaudhari
• 190230113008-Kenil.D.Chaudhari
• 190230113028-Hardik.K.Makwana
• 190230113029-Pruthviraj.Y.Makwana
• 190230113033-Kevin.Y.Mistry
• 190230113060-Krushangi.D.Rana
Guided by:-
Respected
ANITA MAM &
ABHISHEK SIR
 The end

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