Emotions & Moods

Compiled by:
Prof. Mokaddem Hossain

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•The business has nothing to do with emotions and
moods the people have either positive or negative.
• But recently it is felt that people make the
workplace and as people are not free from
emotions,
•so it is not possible to make emotions free place
in the midst of people
•.There are two possible explanations:
•1. Myth of Rationality – no frustration, fear,
anger, love , hate, joy, grief and similar feeling
at job.
•2. Emotions are Disruptive – Negative -- frustrate
the performance of employee, rarely constructive –
enhance performance
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Three
Three terms–
terms– Affect,
Affect, Emotion
Emotion &
& Mood
Mood
 1. Affect—A broad range of feelings that people experience. It can be experienced in
the form of emotions and moods.
 2. Emotions– Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.
 3. Moods– Feelings that tend to less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual
stimulus.
 4. Emotions and Moods Differentiated
 Types
Types of
of Emotion
Emotion
Different emotions include:
Admiration.
Adoration.
Interest.
Joy.
Surprise.
Sadness.
Anger.
Disgust.
Contempt.
Self-hostility.

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 Types
Types of
of Emotion
Emotion
•Aesthetic appreciation
•Amusement
•Anxiety
•Awe
•Awkwardness
•Boredom
•Calmness
•Confusion
•Craving
•Sympathy
•Triump

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 Types
Types of
of Emotion
Emotion
•Empathetic pain
•Entrancement
•Envy
•Excitement
•Fear
•Horror
•Interest
•Nostalgia
•Romance
•Sadness
•Satisfaction
•Sexual Desires
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 Discrete Emotion Theory
This theory states that certain specific core emotions are biologically determined.
These emotional responses are fundamentally the same for all individuals irrespective of
ethnicity or cultural differences.
Various parts of the brain can trigger different emotions. For example, the amygdala is
the center of fear and maternal bonding.
The amygdala senses fear resulting in certain physical actions and emotions. Research
has shown that deaf and blind individuals also show the typical facial expressions for
these same core emotions.
The 12 emotions according to the discrete emotion
theory include:
Interest
Joy
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt
Self-hostility
Fear
Shame
Shyness
Guilt

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 Robert Plutchik’s theory
Plutchik's theory established the foundation for
conceptualizing the domain of emotion (primary and
secondary) in animals and humans. Emotional
processes are placed in a complex chain of events,
cognitions, feelings, and actions that have evolved in
order to maintain behavioral homeostasis.
This theory claims that there are eight basic emotions:
Fear
Sadness
Anger
Joy
Surprise
Disgust
Anticipation
Trust
Book two
 Emotions
Emotions -- Why
Why Emotions
Emotions Were
Were Ignored
Ignored in
in OB
OB
 The “myth of rationality”
– Organizations are not emotion-free.
 Emotions of any kind are disruptive to
organizations.
– Original OB focus was solely on the effects of strong
negative emotions that interfered with individual and
organizational efficiency.

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 What
What Are
Are Emotions?
Emotions?

Affect
Affect
AAbroad
broadrange
rangeof
ofemotions
emotions
that
that people
peopleexperience.
experience.

Emotions
Emotions Moods
Moods
Intense
Intensefeelings
feelingsthat
thatare
are Feelings
Feelingsthat
thattend
tendtotobe
be
directed
directedat
atsomeone
someoneor or less
lessintense
intensethan
than
something.
something. emotions
emotionsandandthat
thatlack
lackaa
contextual
contextualstimulus.
stimulus.

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 Emotion
Emotion Dimensions
Dimensions
 Biology of emotions
– Originate in brain’s limbic system
 Intensity of emotions
– Personality
– Job Requirements
 Frequency and duration of emotions
– How often emotions are exhibited
– How long emotions are displayed
 Functions of emotions
– Critical for rational thinking
– Motivate people

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 Mood as Positive and Negative Affect

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 SOURCES
SOURCES OF
OF EMOTIONS
EMOTIONS AND
AND MOODS
MOODS
 Personality
 Day and Time of the Week
 NOT Weather
 Stress
 Social Activities
 Sleep
 Exercise
 Age
 Gender

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  Sources of Emotions & Moods From where
emotions come:
 1. Personality: built in tendencies to experience certain moods & emotions
more frequently. Affect Intensity– difference in strength to experience
emotions
 2. Day of the Week and Time of the Day: day later in week or near to week
end are felt with good emotions and moods. Early time of the day is felt with
bad moods.
 3. Weather: people are of the opinion that their moods are good or bad due
to weather conditions but research has not such evidence.
 4. Stress: mounting level of stress worsen our moods. Stress takes toll on
our moods.
 5. Social Activities: type of activity– physical, informal, epicurean (eating
with others) create more positive affect than attending meetings and
sedentary (TV watching).
 6. Sleep: Less and poor quality puts in bad mood and impairs decision
making and control on emotions.

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 7. Exercise: enhances positive moods – not much strong –
donot expect miracles.
 8. Age: Early age is with good moods –wrongPeople learn to
improve emotional experience with age andhave fewer negative
emotions as they get more older.
 9. Gender: Women experience emotions more intensely
ascompared to men except anger.
 But it depends how someoneis culturally socialized.
 Men– are more tough- expression of emotions distorts the
masculine image.
 Women– are expected to express more positive emotions than
men –example shown by smiling.

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 Gender
Gender and
and Emotions
Emotions
 Women
– Can show greater emotional expression.
– Experience emotions more intensely.
– Display emotions more frequently.
– Are more comfortable in expressing emotions.
– Are better at reading others’ emotions.
 Men
– Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with
the male image.
– Are innately less able to read and to identify with
others’ emotions.
– Have less need to seek social approval by showing
positive emotions.

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 
Functions of Emotions
 The emotions are not irrational-- decisions be made on thinking and
feelingsFollowing are the functions that emotions
 Serve1. Positive affect– A mood dimension that consists of specific
positive emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and
cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and
tiredness at the low end.
 2. Negative Affect – A mood dimension that consists of emotions
such as nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end and
relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end.
 3. Positivity offset– The tendency of most individuals to experience
a mildly positive mood at zero input (when nothing in particular is
going on).
 4. Evolutionary psychology– An area of inquiry which argues that
we must experience the emotions we do because they serve a
purpose.
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 Positive Moods are
Highest
• At the End of
the Week
• In the Middle
Part of the Day

Negative Moods are

Highest
• At the Beginning
of the Week
And, show little
variation throughout
the day

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 External
External Constraints
Constraints on
on Emotions
Emotions

Organizational
Organizational Cultural
Cultural
Influences
Influences Influences
Influences

Individual
Individual
Emotions
Emotions

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 Emotional
Emotional Labor
Labor

Emotional Labor
A situation in which an employee expresses
organizationally desired emotions during
interpersonal transactions.

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 Felt
Felt versus
versus Displayed
Displayed Emotions
Emotions

Felt Emotions
An individual’s actual emotions.

Displayed Emotions
Emotions that are organizationally
required and considered appropriate
in a given job.

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 Note: Higher
emotional labor =
more highly paid
jobs (with high
cognitive
requirements)

•Internals (Internal locus of control)

Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.

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 Affective
Affective Events
Events Theory
Theory (AET)
(AET)
 Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work
environment event.
– Personality and mood determine the intensity of the
emotional response.
– Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance
and job satisfaction variables.
 Implications of the theory:
– Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles.
– Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction.
– Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction
and performance.
– Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers
and reduce job performance.

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 Affective
Affective Events
Events Theory
Theory (AET)
(AET)

Source: Based on N.M. Ashkanasy and C.S. Daus, “Emotion in the Workplace: The New E X H I B I T 8–6
Challenge for Managers,” Academy of Management Executive, February 2002, p. 77.
E X H I B I T 8–6

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 Emotional
Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence

 Self-awareness (know how you feel)

 Self-management (manage your emotions and
impulses)
 Self-motivation (can motivate yourself & persist)
 Empathy (sense & understand what others feel)
 Social Skills (can handle the emotions of others)

Research Findings: High EI scores,

not high IQ scores, characterize high
performers.

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 OB
OB Applications
Applications of
of Understanding
Understanding Emotions
Emotions
 Emotions and Selection
– Emotions affect employee effectiveness.
 Decision Making
– Emotions are an important part of the decision-making
process in organizations.
 Creativity
– Positive mood increases creativity
 Motivation
– Emotional commitment to work and high motivation
are strongly linked.
 Leadership
– Emotions are important to acceptance of messages
from organizational leaders.

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OB
OB Applications…
Applications… (cont’d)
(cont’d)
 Interpersonal Conflict
– Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly
intertwined.
 Negotiation
– Emotions can impair negotiations.
 Customer Services
– Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in
turn, affects customer relationships.
 Job Attitudes
– Can carry over to home
 Deviant Workplace Behaviors
– Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that
violate norms and threaten the organization).
• Productivity failures
• Property theft and destruction
• Political actions
• Personal aggression

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 Exercise: Emotions and Moods

Rabeya has a high need for

achievement and likes to come to work
and focus on her job only. If you were
Rabeya’s manager, how could you get
her to feel more emotion at work?
Would you want her to? Why or why
not? Discuss and Explain it.
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 Exercise: Emotions and Moods

Discuss with your fellow

classmates how low positive
affect is the same or different as
high negative affect.

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 Exercise: Emotions and Moods

Alom comes to class and sits quietly

looking content and relaxed. The
teacher is guessing that Alom is

Low on negative affect

High on positive affect
High on negative affect
Low on positive affect

Discuss with your fellow classmates why

Alom, who is seemingly happy but calm,
isn’t just low on positive affect.
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 Exercise: Emotions and Moods

Do you think there could be emotional and

mood implications for telecommuting? If yes,
how so? Discuss with a classmate.

Hint: Consider this

woman!

Why might she

NOT always
feel this way?

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