SKAA 4034 FINAL YEAR PROJECT

Piles Eccentricity Analysis For Two

Columns Combined Pile Cap

PREPARED BY: FARDHAH MANIRAH BINTI AZMAN

SUPERVISED BY: IR AZHAR AHMAD
 INTRODUCTION
– One type of failure for piled foundation is eccentricity.
– Pile eccentricity happens when there is short comings of
driving pre-designated piles at exactly correct position
on the ground.
– The deviation of these piles may jeopardize the integrity
of pile cap.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The short comings of driving pre-designated piles at

exactly correct position has introduced the ‘pile
eccentricity’. The issues addressed are:

– Does the pile eccentricity influences the overall pile

group centroid and reliability of load carrying
capacity?
– What is the allowable maximum eccentricity for the
pile cap to be safe and reliable?
– What happens when there is an excessive eccentricities
occur?
 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are:

1. To develop Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for

analyzing two columns combined pile cap with zero
and non-zero pile eccentricity.
2. To establish Net Pile Group Eccentricity Limit
Chart that can be used on site for immediate
checking.
3. To establish an Optimum Add-On Pile Location
Chart for cases where excessive eccentricities occur.
 SCOPE OF STUDY

In order to ensure the results obtained can help achieve

the objectives of this study, the scope has been limited
to:

– Two columns combined pile cap.

– Spacing between column: 1.75 m.
– Type of pile: Pre-cast Square RC Pile.
– Working load is 300 kN for 300 × 300 mm pile.
– Range of pile group: 4-9 piles.
– Type of failure: Eccentricity.
 METHODOLOGY
Piles Eccentricity Analysis for Two Columns Combined Pile Cap
User input

Load on column 1 & 2, k, conversion factor, eccentricity value

Analysis OBJECTIVE 1

Zero Eccentricity Non-Zero Eccentricity

to obtain
Centroid Loading, Pile Arrangement & Load Distribution
checking, < 300 kN
Load Balance Check
verified
Establish Net Pile Group
Eccentricity Limit Chart OBJECTIVE 2
outside safe zone
Establish Optimum Add-
On Pile Location
OBJECTIVE 3
to determine
Location Add-On Pile
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
1. Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Program
User Key-In Value:
k=4
Fixed Parameters Conversion factor = 1.4

Spacing between pile cap = 1.75 m 1000 kN 1100 kN

Ø RC Pile = 300 × 300 mm
Pile Working Load = 300 kN 1750 mm

Results Obtained from Program:

Number of Pile = 6
Size of Pile Cap = 1800 × 3000 × 1100 mm
Total Service Load + Self-weight Pile Cap = 1648.50 kN
Position of each piles
Value of Net Eccentricity
Centroid point for loading and pile group
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Pile group with zero eccentricity:
Centroid line for loading and pile group align on the same line at
(0.00, 0.00) indicates that there is no eccentricity occur.
  P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C1 C2
X-Coordinate -1200.00 0.00 1200.00 -1200.00 0.00 1200.00 -916.67 833.33
Y-Coordinate 600.00 600.00 600.00 -600.00 -600.00 -600.00 0.00 0.00

P1 P2 P3
Legend

Centroid line (PG)

C1 C2
Centroid line (Loading)

P4 P5 P6
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Pile group with eccentricity:
Centroid line for pile group has been deviated from its original position.
The new centroid point of pile group is (-39.67, 14.00) while the
centroid point for loading remains the same (0.00, 0.00).
  P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 C1 C2
X-Coordinate -1125.00 -98.00 1215.00 -1155.00 -150.00 1075.00 -916.67 833.33
Y-Coordinate 625.00 525.00 600.00 -500.00 -566.00 -600.00 0.00 0.00

25.00 My 15.00

Net 75.00
Eccentricity 98.00
Legend
(-238.00, 84.00)
75.00
Centroid line (PG)
Centroid line (Loading)
Mx
100.00
34.00
45.00
150.00
125.00
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Loading distribution for zero and non-zero eccentricity:

Total Service Load + Self-weight of Pile Cap = Total Load per Pile subjected to Moment

Zero eccentricity:
Pile Service Load+Sw/n Mxy/Ix Myx/Iy Load per Pile (kN) Checking (< 300kN, OK!)
P1 274.75 0.00 0.00 274.75 OK!
P2 275.75 0.00 0.00 275.75 OK!
P3 274.75 0.00 0.00 274.75 OK!
P4 274.75 0.00 0.00 274.75 OK!
P5 274.75 0.00 0.00 274.75 OK!
P6 274.75 0.00 0.00 274.75 OK!
Total Load 1648.50 BALANCED

Non-zero eccentricity:
Pile Service Load+Sw/n Mxy/Ix Myx/Iy Load per Pile (kN) Checking (< 300kN, OK!)
P1 274.75 7.21 13.51 254.03 OK!
P2 275.75 6.03 0.73 267.99 OK!
P3 274.75 6.92 15.61 283.45 OK!
P4 274.75 6.07 13.88 266.94 OK!
P5 274.75 6.85 1.37 280.22 OK!
P6 274.75 7.25 13.87 295.87 OK!
Total Load 1648.50 BALANCED
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
2. Net Pile Group Eccentricity Limit Chart
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
The highlighted zone is called safe zone which means any points located inside
the safe zone, the structure is considered safe and reliable to use.

Net Pile Group

Eccentricity
X = -238.00 mm
Y= 84.00 mm

Safe zone
Nultimate = 2100 kN
Ratio = 5.5
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
3. Additional Pile Procedure
The ultimate load is changed from 2100 kN to 2205 kN while other parameters
remains. The area of safe zone became smaller due to increase in loading.

Net Pile Group

Eccentricity
X = -238.00 mm
Y= 84.00 mm

Safe zone
Nultimate = 2205 kN
Ratio = 5.75
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
– Since the net pile group eccentricity is located outside the safe zone, some pile
may subjected to failure. Table below shows the distribution of loading for
ultimate load 2205 kN with same value set of eccentricity.

Total Service Load + Self-weight Pile Cap = 1723.50 kN

Pile Service Load+Sw/n Mxy/Ix Myx/Iy Load per Pile (kN) Checking (< 300kN, OK!)
P1 287.25 7.54 14.12 265.59 OK!
P2 287.25 6.31 0.76 280.19 OK!
P3 287.25 7.23 16.33 296.34 OK!
P4 287.25 6.34 14.51 279.08 OK!
P5 287.75 7.16 1.44 292.97 OK!
P6 287.75 7.58 14.50 309.33 FAILED!
Total Load 1723.50 BALANCED
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
– Since Pile 6 exceeds pile working load, a new pile is added to the structure.
– The location of pile is determined from Optimum Position of Add-On Single
Pile chart below.
Add-On
Pile
238.00 P1 P3
P2

C1 C2

14.00 (238.00, -84.00)

-39.67 P4
P5 P6
-84.00

Failed Pile
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
– Pile capacity checking is performed as shown in the table below after
additional pile. Pile working load is reduced about 15% from 300 kN to 255
kN.

Pile Service Load+Sw/n Mxy/Ix Myx/Iy Load per Pile (kN) Checking (< 255 kN, OK!)
P1 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
P2 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
P3 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
P4 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
P5 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
P6 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
Add-On Pile 246.21 0.00 0.00 246.21 OK!
Total Load 1723.50 BALANCED
 CONCLUSION
This program serves to reduce time and save cost to solve problem
regarding pile eccentricity for engineers. Findings conforming to the
objectives of this study can be summarized as below:

1. A program for analyzing two columns combined pile cap with zero
and non-zero eccentricity using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet was
developed.
2. A Net Pile Group Eccentricity Limit Chart to determine the
maximum allowable net eccentricity was established. The chart can be
used on site for immediate checking.
3. An Optimum Add-On Pile Location Chart was established. Load
balance check was conducted for verification.
 FUTURE STUDY

Include design stage for two column

1 combined pile cap.

Multiple number of additional pile for

2 excessive eccentricity.
Thank You!