quality Control Charts

Presented by:
MOHAMMAD FAROOQ
ACADEMIC COORDINATOR
MATHEMATICS
 Control Chart.
 Control chart is graphical representation of the
collected information.
 It pertains to the measured or otherwise judged

quality characteristics of the items or samples.

 It detects variations in the processing and warns if

there is any departure from the specified tolerance

limits.
 It is primarily a diagnostic technique.
 It depicts whether there is any change on the

characteristics of items since the start of the production

run.
Graphical Representation
 The following control chart shows the
improvement of a process. The standard deviation
decreases as the process becomes more capable.
 Purpose and advantages.
1. A control chart indicates whether a process is in
control or out of control.
2. It determines processes variability and detects
unusual variations taking place in a process.
3. It ensures product quality level.
4. It warns in time and if the process is rectified in
time scrap percentage can be reduced.
5. It provides information about the selection of
process and setting of tolerance limits.
6. Control charts build up the reputation of the
organization through customer’s satisfaction.
Types of control charts.

Control charts

Va ria ble or mea surement chart s.

X - Bar
Attribute charts
R- bar
 Comparison of variable and
attribute chart.
1. Variable charts involve the measurement of the
job dimensions whereas an attribute chart only
differentiates between a defective item and a
non-defective item.
2. Variable charts are more detailed and contain
more information as compared to attribute charts.
3. Attribute charts is based on ‘GO and NO GO’
data require comparatively bigger sample size.
4. Variables charts are expensive.
Control Charts for Variables
 Mean (x-bar) charts
◦ Tracks the central tendency (the
average value observed) over
time
 Range (R) charts:
◦ Tracks the spread of the
distribution over time (estimates
the observed variation)
Constructing a X-bar Chart:
EXAMPLE:-A quality control inspector at the Cocoa Fizz
soft drink company has taken three samples with four
observations each of the volume of bottles filled. If the
standard deviation of the bottling operation is .2 ounces, use
the data below to develop control charts with limits of 3
standard deviations for the 16 oz. bottling operation.

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3

Observation 1 15.8 16.1 16.0

Observation 2 16.0 16.0 15.9

Observation 3 15.8 15.8 15.9

Observation 4 15.9 15.9 15.8

SOLUTION Time 1 Time 2 Time 3
Observation 1 15.8 16.1 16.0
Observation 2 16.0 16.0 15.9
Observation 3 15.8 15.8 15.9
Observation 4 15.9 15.9 15.8
Mean (X-bar) 15.875 15.975 15.9
Ranges (R) 0.2 0.3 0.2

σ  .2 
σx      .1
n  4
 Center line (x-double bar):
15.875  15.975  15.9
x   15.92
3
 Control limits for ±3σ limits (z = 3):
UCLx  x  zσx  15.92  3 .1  16.22
LCLx  x  zσx  15.92  3 .1  15.62
An Alternative Method for the X-bar
Chart Using R-bar and the A2 Factor
0.2  0.3  0.2
R   .233
3
 Center line:
15.875  15.975  15.9
CL  x   15.92
3

 Control limits for ±3σ limits:

UCL x
 x  A 2R  15.92  0 . 7 3  . 2 3 3  1 6 . 0 9
LCL x
 x  A 2R  15.92  0 . 7 3  . 2 3 3  1 5 . 7 5

Center Line and Control Limit (R-Chart)

UCL  D4R  2.28(.233)  .53
LCL  D3R  0.0(.233)  0.0
X-Bar Control Chart
R-Bar Control Chart
Control Charts for Attributes
P-Charts & C-Charts
 Use P-Charts for quality characteristics that are
discrete and involve yes/no or good/bad decisions
◦ Percent of leaking caulking tubes in a box of 48
◦ Percent of broken eggs in a carton

 Use C-Charts for discrete defects when there can

be more than one defect per unit
◦ Number of flaws or stains in a carpet sample cut from a
production run
◦ Number of complaints per customer at a hotel
Constructing a P-Chart:
A Production manager for a tire company has inspected the
number of defective tires in five random samples with 20 tires
in each sample. The table below shows the number of defective
tires in each sample of 20 tires.
Sample Number Sample Percent
Defective Size Defective
1 3 20 .15
2 2 20 .10
3 1 20 .05
4 2 20 .10
5 1 20 .05
Total 9 100 .09
 Sample Number Sample Percent
Calculations Defective Size Defective
1 3 20 .15
2 2 20 .10
3 1 20 .05
4 2 20 .10
5 1 20 .05
Total 9 100 .09

p(1-p) (.09)(.91)
σp= = =0.064
n 20
UCL  p  z  σ p   .09  3(.064)  .282
LCL  p  z  σ p   .09  3(.064)  .102  0
Graph of the P-Chart
Constructing a C-Chart:
The number of weekly customer complaints are
monitored in a large hotel. Develop a three sigma
control limits For a C-Chart. Week No of
Complaints
 Center line (c bar):
1 3
#complaints 22 2 2
CL    2.2
# of samples 10
3 3
4 1
 Control limits for ±3σ limits: 5 3
UCL  c  z c  2.2  3 2.2 6 3
.............  6.65 7 2
LCL  c  z c  2.2  3 2.2 8 1
.............  2.25  0 9 3
10 1
Total 22
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY CASE
STUDY
Calculations
Interpret Range chart first to ensure stability of KPI
metric process: because no ranges are outside the
RLCL or RUCL, the wait time process is in control
Rule violation 1 - four consecutive data points in a row trending up or
down merits a caution. This occurs in subgroups 1 to 4
Rule violation 2 - one individual data point outside a control limit is a
serious problem. This occurs for subgroup 8