CENTRAL DOGMA

AND
CONCEPT OF GENETIC
CODE
Presented by :
PRINCY RAGHUWANSHI
B.Sc Biotechnology (hons.)
Chemistry (subs.)
roll no. 419179
 INTRODUCTION
• The Central Dogma : DNA emcodes RNA , RNA encodes proteins.
• The cental dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic
information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to
proteins.
• The GENETIC CODE is the set of rules used by living cells to
translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins.
• The code defines how codons specify which amino acid will be
added next during protein synthesis.
 DNA & RNA

•Genetic material •Protein synthesis

•Deoxyribose sugar •Ribose sugar
•Adenine , Guanine, Cytosine and •Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and
Thymine. Uracil.
•Double –stranded. •Single –stranded.
•Helical form •Linear form.
DNA REPLICATION

• DNA replication must occur if genetic material is to be provided for

the progeny of any cell.
• A complex group of proteins called the replisome performs the
replication of the information from the parent strand to the
complementary daughter strand.
• This process typically takes place during S phase of the cell cycle.
TRANSCRIPTION
• Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a
section of DNA is replicated in the form of a newly assembled piece
of messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Enzymes facilitating the process include RNA polymerase and 
transcription factors.
• Processing includes the addition of a  5' cap and a poly-A tail to the
pre-mRNA chain, followed by splicing.
TRANSLATION
• In eukaryotic cells, the site of transcription (the cell nucleus) is
usually separated from the site of translation (the cytoplasm).
• The ribosome reads the mRNA triplet codons, usually beginning with
an AUG or initiator methionine codon  downstream of
the ribosome binding site and ends with a stop codon which may be a
UAA, UG.A, or UAG triplet.m of the ribosome binding site.
GENETIC CODE
• Genetic code, the sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (
DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid
 sequence of proteins. 
• Three adjacent nucleotides constitute a unit known as the codon, which
codes for an amino acid. For example, the sequence AUG is a codon that
specifies the amino acid methionine.
• There are 64 possible codons, three of which do not code for amino
acids but indicate the end of a protein.
• The remaining 61 codons specify the 20 amino acids that make up
proteins. 
SALIENT FEATURES
• UNAMBIGUOUS :One codon codes for only one amino acid.
• DEGENARATE : Some amino acids are coded by more than one
codon.
• NO PUNCTUATION : The codon is read in mRNA in a contiguous
fashion.
• UNIVERSAL : eg. UUU code for Phenylalanine from bacteria to
human.
• AUG jas dual function , it codes for methionine and also act as initiator
codon.
THANK YOU