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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
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DEFINITIONS
HISTORY is
• A systematic, often chronological narrative of
relating to a particular people, country or peri
explanation of their causes.
HISTORY is
• Creative expression in any given location or p
• To classify Architecture with consideration to
it uses:
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FOUR STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES OF

ARCHITECTURE

 Post and Lintel

 Arch and Vault
 Corbel and Cantilever
 Truss
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PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
“ Architecture had a simple origin in the primitive endeavors of
mankind. It is an ancient and necessary art and thus the beginnings of
Architecture are part of pre-history.”

THE THREE STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF MAN

1. Stone Age
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age
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THE THREE STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF MAN
1. Stone Age
a. Paleolithic
 Used stone and bone as instruments
 Livelihood from hunting and gathering
 Learned to make fire
 Lived in caves and rock shelters
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THE THREE STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF
MAN
1. Stone Age
b. Mesolithic
 Fashioned stone tools
 Made body coverings from animal hides
 Made the canoe for fishing
 Built huts from bones, animal hides, reeds and grass
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THE THREE STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF
MAN
1. Stone Age
c. Neolithic
 Polished stone tools
 Pottery
 Agriculture
 Sew clothing from animal hides using fish bones as
needles
 Huts out of stone and mud
 Burial rituals
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THE THREE STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF
MAN
2. Bronze Age
 Most advanced metal working with copper

3. Iron Age
 Cutting tools and weapons were mainly made of iron
and steel
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PRE-HISTORIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

1. DOLMEN
 Daul - Table
 Maen – Stone
- two or more upright stones
supporting a stone or stone
slab
 Paleolithic
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PRE-HISTORIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

2. CHROMLECH
 Stone Circles
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PRE-HISTORIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

3. STONE ROWS
 A stone row or stone alignment is a
linear arrangement of upright, parallel
megalithic standing stones set at
intervals along a common axis or
series of axes, usually dating from the
later Neolithic or Bronze Age. Rows
may be individual or grouped, and
three or more stones aligned can
constitute a stone row.
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PRE-HISTORIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

4. MONOLITH OR MENHIR
 Great upright stone
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PRE-HISTORIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

4. BARROW (TUMULI)
 Earthen mound for burials
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

1. ROCK SHELTERS/CAVES
 A shallow cave-like opening at the base
of a bluff or cliff.
 Rock shelters are formed by erosion. If
there are weaker and stronger rocks, the
weaker rocks will erode faster and form
indentations. If the layers are horizontal
the indentation will be a ledge.
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

2. CLIFF DWELLINGS
 cliff dwellings are dwellings
formed by using niches or caves
in high cliffs, with more or less
excavation or with additions in
the way of masonry.
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

3. HUT
 Branches covered with turf
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

4. TEPEE
 Conical tent with poles as
framework and bark or
animal skin
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

5. HOGAN
 Primitive structure of
joined logs
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

6. IGLOO
 An Eskimo house
constructed on snow
blocks with an
entrance tunnel
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

7. TRULLO
 A trullo is a traditional
Apulian dry stone hut
with a conical roof.
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PRE-HISTORIC DWELLINGS

8. SHEILINGS
 Twigs covered with
map
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EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
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GENERAL INFLUENCES:

 Geographical
 Geological
 Climatic
 Religious
 Socio-Cultural
 Historical
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GEOGRAPHICAL
 Simplicity of the long coast-line of the Italian Peninsula
 Appenines runs like a spine down the center of Italy and much of
the country is very mountainous
 The central and commanding position of Italy in the
Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in
spreading art and civilization
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GEOLOGICAL:
 Romans could procure terra-cotta, stone, and brick all of
which they used, even for important buildings

 Marble
 Hard limestone from Tivoli
 The building material, however, which led to great structural
innovations
 Pozzolana
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CLIMATIC:

 North Italy has the climate of the temperate

region of Europe. Central Italy is genial and
sunny, while the south is almost tropical.
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RELIGION:

 Every house whether palace, villa , or “domus”

had an altar to the Lares or family gods
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SOCIAL:

 The early form of government in Italy resembled that of

Greece, and towns or districts were joined together in leagues.

 The government of Rome was at an early period carried on by

chosen kings (B.C. 750-500) aided by a popular assembly, but
about B.C. 500 Rome became a Republic
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HISTORICAL:

 Etruscans came to Rome at around 12th Century B.C.E.

- Archs and Vaults
- Radiating Arch
- Tuscan Column
- Atrium type of house
- South orientation of temples
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INFLUENCE OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE:

 Romans considered Greek Architecture as the acme of perfection

 Distinct Roman Architecture flourished in the Augustan Age
 Rome as a city of marble from a city of bricks
 The purpose of construction
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SPECIFIC INFLUENCES:

 Architectural Character:
- Vastness
- Magnificence
- Ostentation
- Omateness
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GENERAL INFLUENCES:

 Geographical
 Geological
 Climatic
 Religious
 Socio-Cultural
 Historical
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GENERAL INFLUENCES:

 Romans had the desire to create buildings that would reflect the
prestige, wealth and might of the Roman Empire. It has the motif
of pretentiousness as they want to impress other people about
what they have- extravagant and elegant-looking
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BUILDING MATERIALS
Materials naturally found in Mainland Italy:
 Travertine
 Carrara
 Terracotta
 Pozzolana Sand

MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY OTHER COLONIES:

 Marbles
 Alabaster
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CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM:

 This system of construction used by the Romans have focused

on the use of archs instead of a post and lintel construction
which focuses on the usage of beams instead f archs.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:

 Plans
- Mostly Roman plans are only one-storey because of the
diversity of their activities

- They also have some variety of multi-storey structures that

were present
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WALLS:
 The walls that the Romans made were made of stone and
concrete in general with different facing such as:

Opus - Quadratum
Opus - Insertum
Opus - Reticulatum
Opus - Testacium
Opus - Mixtum
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ARCHES:

 An arch is a structure that spans through a space while

supporting weight. The Romans have developed this
structure to be used in their buildings and eventually
developed into different styles and shapes.
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ROOFS:

 Semi-circular
 Cross Vault
 Copula or Dome
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BUTTRESS:

 A buttress is an architectural structure used to

support and reinforced a wall. It is built against a
wall or projecting from a wall.
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THREE KINDS OF BUTRESSES:

 Hemicycle – semi-circular in structure and made up of brick

or stone

 Spur Buttress - triangular in shape used to strengthen the

bottom of a round tower.

 Pinnacle Buttress - additional weight to the Spur Buttress

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BURIAL PLACES:

 Cemeteria - Subterranean tomb

 Monumental Tombs - large cylindrical block, open of

quadrangular podium topped with conical ground of
earth.

 Pyramidal - after the Egyptians

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BURIAL PLACES:

 Temple Shaped – after the Greeks

 Sculptured Memorial – tomb in varying forms and

ornaments

 Cenotaphs – burial place for soldiers

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ORNAMENTS:

 Mosaic - used on walls, floors, etc. with the following

patterns:
 Opus – Tesselatum or Verniculatum
 Made up of square Tesserae cut in square shapes
 Opus Sectile or Sculatum
- Usually cut in various shapes and used on walls
 Opus Spicatum- used especially on floors and is often in
Chevron or Herringbone pattern.
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EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE:

 Forum – described as a market place and also considered as the

business district
 The center of political and civic activities
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EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE:

 ROMAN TEMPLES

1. Temple of Venus by Apollodorus Damascus

2. Temple Mason Carree
- Biggest existing Roman Temple
- Served as a model of the Capitol in the USA by
Thomas Jefferson
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EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE:
 ROMAN TEMPLES
3. Circular Temples
- Temple of Vesta
- the most sacred shrine in Rome
4. The Pantheon
- The supreme example of Roman structure of ingenuity
and its aesthetic apogee (peak)
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THERMAE

 An elevated public bath over a platform with utilities underneath

 Three parts of the Thermae
1. Tepidarium- warm room
2. Calidarium- hot water bath
3. Sudatarium- sweat bath with the hottest bath and its tiscina
(pool)
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THEATRE

1. Theater Orange
2. Amphitheater- place for gladiatorial combat
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THE BASILICA: INFLUENTIAL FORUM

 Place of public assembly and forum as well as

Hall of Justice
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TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

 Arch of Titus
- Made to commemorate the capture of
Jerusalem
 Arch of Tiberius
- Made to commemorate the recovery of Roman
Standards lost by Varus at the battle of the
teotoburg forest
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TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

 Arch of Constantine
- In honor of the victory over Maxentius
 Pillar of Victory
- A column or columns made to remember a
victory
 Column of Aurelius
- In commemoration of the victory over the
Danube
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TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

 Rostal Column
- Made in commemoration of Rome’s Naval
victories
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Slide Title
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