How it works

• Air enters parallel to the axis of the fan

• Turn 900 and discharged radially through
the blade

• Rotating Impellor pass on this kinetic

energy as velocity energy
• Velocity energy of air is converts into
pressure energy
• Casing converts this kinetic energy
(velocity) into potential energy (pressure)
1
Draught in Boiler
Draught is required to
- Supply air through the fuel bed to aid proper combustion
of fuel
- take out the product of combustion from the furnace
- Draught also provides necessary velocity to the flue
gases for increase in heat transfer co-efficient.

Thus, draught is essentially required in boiler. Draught can

be produced in number of ways.

2
Types of draught used in our Boilers

Typically for oil and

Gas fired
Typically for solid fuel

3
Forced Draught
• It is a positive pressure draught,
• It forces the air through fuel bed, furnace and
downstream equipment like- Economiser,
APH etc.
• The enclosure for the furnace has to be leak
proof so that the gases from furnace do not
leak to the atmosphere.

4
Induced draught

• In this system the fan is located near the

base of the chimney creates a partial vacuum
in the furnace and in the flue passage.

5
Balanced Draught
• It is a combination of forced and induced
draught
• The forced draught fan overcomes the
resistance in air pre heater and fuel bed/
grate
• Induced draught fan overcomes the draught
losses through the boiler , Air preheater ,
economizer and flue passage etc,
• Depending on the fuel , the capacities of the
fans are decided.

6
Balanced Draught

7
COMMON TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS

Categorised by blade shapes

1. BACKWARD CURVE
2. BACKWARD INCLINED
3. FORWARD CURVE
4. RADIAL BLADE

8
Centrifugal Fans

In Boilers Fans are used for

 Forced draught – FD Fan ( Solid Fuel)
 Induced Draught – ID Fan ( Solid Fuel)
 Secondary air Fan – SA Fan ( Solid Fuel)
 Booster Fan – For Under bed feeding system
 Blower – For Oil & Gas firing

9
System curve

10
System curve

11
EFFICIENCY CURVE - BEP

12
Losses

• Frictional losses offered by the flue gas path

• Loss due to bends in flow circuit
• Loss due to frictional head in Economiser , APH
• Loss due resistance by the pollution equipment

13
Find the operating point on the curve below for a duct
system that requires a total pressure loss of 1.6 in w.g
.Also find

a.Flow in ft3/min
b.Total efficiency
c.Brake Horse power

14
Flow control of Fan

Speed change by Pulley change

Dampers

Inlet Guide vanes

Variable frequency drive

Operating fans in parallel

15
Flow control of Fan

Speed change by Pulley change

- Permanent speed decrease

- Change in Energy requirement
- Applicable for V belt system

Damper control
- Adjustment of opening
- Limited adjustment
- Higher operating cost

16
Flow control of Fan

Inlet Guide vane

- Create swirls in fan direction

- Reduce angle between air flow
and fan blades
- More efficient than Damper control
- Efficiency drops below 80% of full load

17
How to measure static pressure , total pressure

18
How to measure BHP of Fan

(i) Measure Total Pressure Pt

(ii) Measure Static Pressure Ps

Velocity Pressure Pv = Total Pressure + *Static

Pressure (Pt – Ps)

• + for positive pressure

• - for negative pressure

19
How to measure BHP of Fan

Velocity pressure = Pv
1) Convert Pv to velocity v
V= 2 g Pv
ρ
Where g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec 2
ρ = Specific wt of gas in kg/m3

2) Calculate gas flow =Q

Q = v x A ( A= cross section area)
3) Calculate HP = Q x Ps
75 x ղs
20
Approximate specific weight of flue gas
cp  μ*106  
Temperature [ C]
O
[kJ/kgK] ρ [kg/m3] [Pa*s]
0 1.042 1.295 15.8
100 1.068 0.95 20.4
200 1.097 0.748 24.5
300 1.122 0.617 28.2 Flue gas property considering:-
400 1.151 0.525 31.7 Nitrogen N2 - 76%
500 1.185 0.457 34.8 Carbon dioxide CO2 - 13%
600 1.214 0.405 37.9 Water vapor H2O - 11%
700 1.239 0.363 40.7
800 1.264 0.33 43.4
900 1.29 0.301 45.9

21
How to select FD fan for forced draught system

Flow –
1) Qty of max fuel firing rate decides max qty. of
stoichiometric air required.

2)Total air = Stoichiometric air + Excess air

3)Total air decides the volumetric fan capacity with

margin consideration.

22
How to select fan for forced draught system
Head
1) Qty of max fuel firing rate decides max qty of stoichiometric air
Type of burner decides excess air %
2) Total air = Stoichiometric air + Excess air
3) Pressure loss in m is specified by OEM
4) Volumetric gas flow decides pressure drop in m across the
pressure part
5) Other losses considered
- Duct loss
- APH loss
- Economiser loss
7) Altitude correction factors are applied ( all fans are suitable
upto 500 AMSL
8) Fan head is selected with margin
23
How to select FD fan for Balanced draught system
Head
1) Qty of max fuel firing rate decides max qty of stoichiometric air
Type of burner decides excess air %
2) Total air = Stoichiometric air + Excess air
3) Pressure loss in m is calculated for grate
4) Altitude correction factors are applied ( all fans are suitable
upto 500 AMSL

24
How to select ID fan for Balanced draught system
Head
1) Volumetric gas flow decides pressure drop in m across the
pressure part at respective temperature
2) Other losses considered
- Duct loss
- APH loss
- Economiser loss

25
 Classification as per discharge orientation

1) Clockwise up blast
2) Clock top angular
3) Clockwise top horizontal

26
 Classification as per discharge orientation

1) Counter Clockwise up blast

2) Counter Clock top angular
3) Counter Clockwise top
horizontal

27
 Classification as per discharge orientation

1) Clockwise bottom horizontal

2) Clockwise bottom angular
3) Counter Clockwise bottom
horizontal
4) Counter Clockwise bottom
angular

28
Part II
Few Q&A
Flow Measurement instruments

29
Which of the following is not a centrifugal type

Vane axial

Radial

Forward curve

Backward curve

30
Which of the following is not a centrifugal type

Vane axial

Radial

Forward curve

Backward curve

31
 Match the following

Type Suitable for

(a) Backward curve (i) High pressure medium flow
(b) Forward curve (ii) Medium pressure high flow
(c) Radial (iii) High Pressure high flow

32
 Match the following

Type Suitable for

(a) Backward curve (i) High pressure medium flow
(b) Forward curve (ii) Medium pressure high flow
(c) Radial (iii) High Pressure high flow

33
Selection of fan type depends on

(A)FLOW

(B)STATIC PRESSURE

- Only A

- Only B

- A & B both

- None of the above

34
Selection of fan type depends on

(A)FLOW

(B)STATIC PRESSURE

- Only A

- Only B

- A & B both

- None of the above

35
The efficiency of backward curve compared to
forward curve fan is

(A)Higher

(B)Lower

(C)Same

36
The efficiency of backward curve compared to
forward curve fan is

(A)Higher

(B)Lower

(C)Same

37
What am I measuring ?

(A) FIG 1
(B) FIG 2

38
What am I measuring ?

(A) FIG 1 (i)Static pressure

(B) FIG 2 (ii)Total pressure

39
 What is Velocity Pressure

STATIC PRESSURE - TOTAL PRESSURE

STATIC PRESSURE + TOTAL PRESSURE

TOTAL PRESSURE – STATIC PRESSURE

40
 What is Velocity Pressure

STATIC PRESSURE - TOTAL PRESSURE

STATIC PRESSURE + TOTAL PRESSURE

TOTAL PRESSURE – STATIC PRESSURE

41
 ity
ve l oc
s re
u
e a
e m y?
o w ct l
w d d ire
Ho u re
es s
pr

42
How do we measure velocity pressure directly?

43
 Problem

Existing Flow – 35 m3/s (V1)

Existing Static head – 210 mbar (Pstat -1)
Existing power Requirement – 35 Kw (P1)
Existing RPM – 2900 (N1)

The RPM changes to 3190 – (N2) ( 10% increase)

What happens to Flow

What happens static head

What happens to power Kw

44
The RPM changes to 3190 ( 10% increase)

Existing Flow – 35 m3/s (V1)

Existing RPM – 2900 (N1)
Revised RPM 3190 – (N2)

What happens to Revised Flow (V2)

V2 = N2
V1 N1

V2 = N2 * V1/ N1

= 3190 * 35/ 2900

= 38.5 m3/s
A rise by 10%
45
The RPM changes to 3190 ( 10% increase)

Existing Static head – 210 mbar (Pstat -1)

Existing RPM – 2900 (N1)
Revised RPM 3190 – (N2)

What happens to Static head (Pstat -2)

Pstat -2 = N2 2

Pstat -1 N1

Pstat -2 = Pstat -1 * (N2/ N1)2

= 210 * (3190/ 2900)2

=254.1 mm
A rise by 21%
46
The RPM changes to 3190 ( 10% increase)

Existing power Requirement – 35 Kw (P1)

Existing RPM – 2900 (N1)
Revised RPM 3190 – (N2)

What happens to Power(P2)

P2 = N2 3

P1 N1

P2 = P1 * (N2/ N1)3

= 35 * (3190/ 2900)3
=46.58 Kw
A rise by nearly 33%
47
AEROFOIL FOR DUCT FLOW MEASUREMENT

Primary air measurement

Secondary Air measurement

Flue gas/ hot air measurement in large ducts

48
WHY AEROFOIL FOR DUCT FLOW MEASUREMENT

Specially designed for rectangular ducts

- the velocity distribution across the rectangular duct is
unpredictable

- Multiple averaging pitot tubes are avoided to

compensate this velocity issues.

- Using multiple number of averaging pitot tubes, the

impulse lines become complicated and the chances of
chocking are more

It can be used for the fluid having dust particles

49
WHY AEROFOIL FOR DUCT FLOW MEASUREMENT

It can be used for the fluid having dust particles

Lesser maintenance

Low permanent pressure loss (PPL)

50
• Aerofoil flowmeter is specially designed to
measure flow through square/rectangular
duct.
• Like conventional DP flow elements, it has
upstream and throat pressure sensing
points.

51
AEROFOIL FOR DUCT FLOW MEASUREMENT

• The Aerofoil inlet section has the shape of a semi-ellipse.

• The throat section shall be rectangular, the width same to
the duct width.
• The diverging section angle shall be chosen according to
the pressure recovery requirement. Lesser the degree,
higher the pressure recovery value, but the length of the
aerofoil will increase.
52
AEROFOIL – Pressure tapings

• The pressure ports are located on the aerofoil so as to

match the Log- Tchebycheff distribution.
• The ports number will select based on the duct size,
generally 6 to 12 ports shall be provided on aerofoil to
take the inlet and throat pressure.
• The diameter of the port shall be sufficient to sense even
the minimum flow through the aerofoil.
• All the ports shall be connected to the header tube, which
will help to averaging the pressure from each port.
53
AEROFOIL – Pressure tapings

• The wing shaped restriction creates an acceleration of

fluids towards the throat.
• The throat pressure is sensed by a series of ports.
• This gradual and smooth inlet of aerofoil makes a less
pressure loss across the element
• The aerofoil tail recovers most the pressure drop at the
throat.

54
Bernoulli’s equation is used to derive this formula.

Expansion factor can be calculated by the same equation specified for the
ventury tubes in ISO -5167.
55
END OF BORING
SESSION

56