UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

Aerospace Engineering
PROGRAM CODE: AS – 201
Subject Name : AERO THERMODYNAMICS Subject Code : AST-218

UNIT - 3
BASICS OF PROPULSION AND HEAT TRANSFER
Classification of jet engines - basic jet propulsion arrangement – Engine station number, thrust equation –
Specific thrust, SFC, TSFC, specific impulse, actual cycles, isentropic efficiencies of jet engine components,
polytropic efficiency, conduction in parallel, radial and composite wall, basics of convective and radiation
heat transfer. (15 hours)

(Use of steam tables and Mollier charts are permitted)

UNIT - 3
BASICS OF PROPULSION AND HEAT TRANSFER
5.4 TURBO-FAN ENGINE

Main Components of Turbo – Fan Engine

(1) Diffuser
(2) Fan
(3) High Pressure Compressor
(4) Combustion Chamber
(5) High Pressure Turbine
(6) Low Pressure Turbine
(7) Hot Nozzle
(8) Cold Nozzle
(9) Twin Spool (Two Shafts)
Shaft 1; Connecting Fan & Low Pressure Turbine
Shaft 2; Connecting High Pressure Compressor& High Pressure Turbine
 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Aerospace Engineering
PROGRAM CODE: AS – 201
Subject Name : AERO THERMODYNAMICS Subject Code : AST-218

Air is sucked from the environment and static pressure is raised in the diffuser at the cost of
kinetic energy. Further level of pressure is recovered in the fan which is coupled to low pressure
turbine to obtain necessary power input. 70% to 80% air delivered by the fan is by passed through a
duct popularly known as cold air and expanded with the help of (Cold) nozzle. The advantages of by
pass are (i) reduction in heat lost of combustion chamber (ii) produces additional thrust (iii)
suppresses noise level. 20% to 30% of air from fan is guided to the compressor to raise the pressure
ratio of said air before entering to the combustion chamber. Fuel is atomized with compressed air
and burned in the combustion chamber to raise the temperature (TIT) of gases without varying the
pressure. Expansion of gases takes place in high pressure turbine. High pressure turbine drives
high pressure compressor, both are connected via a shaft. Further expansion takes place in low
pressure turbine, which in turns increases kinetic energy. Expanded hot gases are ducted to (Hot)
nozzlefor furtherenhancement in expansion level which is responsible to develop high thrust at the
exit. The ratio of mass of cold air and mass of hot air is defined as By Pass ratio.Turbo fan
engine operates on Brayton Cycle.

Advantages

(i) High thrust at low speeds reduces take off distance.

(ii) Low noise level compared to other engines.
(iii) Thrust to weight ratio is more than turbojet engine.
(iv) Fan length is short which helps efficient air flow.

Disadvantages

(i) Engine is bulky and complicated.

(ii) Thrust specific fuel consumption is more compared to turbo prop engine.
(iii) More drag due to amplified frontal area.
(iv) Speed limits are low.
(v) Cold and hot nozzles need separate thrust reversals.
5.4.1 By-Pass Ratio (B):- It is defined (for turbofan engine) as the ratio between the mass flow
rate of air drawn through the fan disk that bypasses the engine core (un-combusted air –cold
air) to the mass flow rate passing through the engine core( hot air).
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B=
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