HELLO, GOOD DAY…..!!!

English phonology is the sound system

(phonology) of the English language, or the
study of that system. Phonology is the study of
how sounds are organized and used in natural
languages.
Phonological rules are part of communication
through language, whether spoken or written,
and knowing what they are and why they exist
can help us better understand our world.
Understanding phonological rules is
considered an important aspect in teaching
English or working with people who have
speech problem.
Phonological rules are commonly used in
generative phonology as a nation to capture
sound-related operations and computations the
human brain perform when producing or
comprehending spoken language.
 Problem Identification

1. What is the definition of Phonology?

2. How to know plural forms are pronounced?
3. What is definition of Phonological Rules ?
4. What are kinds of Phonological Rules ?
 Limitation of problems

1. To know what is definition of Phonology.

2. To understand how to pronounce plural form.
3. To know what is definition of Phonological
Rules.
4. To know kinds of phonological Rules.
 Phonology

Phonology is the branch of linguistics

concerned with the study of speech sounds
with reference to their distribution and
patterning. Adjective: phonological. A linguist
who specializes in phonology is known as a
phonologist. Etymologically, Phonology from
the Greek, means "sound, voice".
The Pronounciation of Plurals
How to know pronounced plural forms are.
That is listen to native speaker of English
saying the plural forms of all the following
nouns, and try to focus on variation in the
pronunciation of the plural morpheme.
A B C D
cab cap bus child
cad catbush ox
bag back buzz mouse
love cuff garage criterion
lathe faith match sheep
cam badge
can
bang
call
bar
spa
boy
How do we know how to pronounce this plural
morpheme?
 Phonological rules
A phonological is a formal way of expressing a
systematic phonological or morphological
process or diachronic sound change in language.
Phonological rules are commonly use in
generative phonology as a notation to capture
sounf-related operations and computations the
human brain performs when producing or
comprehending spoken language. Phonological
rules describe how phonomes are realized as
their allophones in a given environment.
 Kinds of Phonological rules

1.         Assimilation
This the kind of the rule taht occurs in the
English plural described above-the sound
becomes voived or voiceless depending on
weather or not the preceding consonant is
voiced.
2.      Dissimilation
This type of rule is often seen among people
speaking a language that is not their native
language where the sound contrasts may be
difficult so the rule is applied for ease of
production and perception.
 Example: manner dissimilation where stop
becomes a fricative when followed by another
stop. The word sixth is pronounced sikst.
 Annual annular
 Sexual secular
 Cultural cellular(cell)
 Penal perpendicular
3.      Deletion
Deletion is the omission of one or more sounds
such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole
syllable in a word or phrase.
Example: English is a fast/common speech
language, so vowels can be deleted to make the
word one syllable, and easier to pronounce in a
fast manner.
The general from a phonological rule is : AB/C
_D. “ A becomes B following C and preceding
D”.

Example consider the following words:

 Rope – robe

 Lock – log

 Cute – cued

 Pick – pig

 Tap- tab
4.      Metathesis
Metathesis is one of the changes that takes
place in the pronounciation of words is the
linguistic phenomenon and the transposition of
sounds or letters in word or (occasionally) of
whole words or syllabels; the result of such a
transposition.
Old English vs. Contemporary English
 Asterix(ks) asterisk

 Comfterble comfortable

 Integral integral
 Reletor realtor
 Relevant relevant
5.      Co-articulation
Co-articulation is the way the brain organizes
sequences of vowels and consonants,
interweaving the individual movements
necessary forv each into one smooth whole.
6.      The Function of Phonological Rule
The function of phonological rules in a
grammar is to provid the phonetic information
necessary for the pronounciation of utterance.
The application of rules in this way is called
derivation.
Phonological rules have a number of functions, among them are the
following:
a.       Change features values
b.      Add new features (distinctive/non distinctive): aspiration in
English.
c.       Delete segments: contraction rules in English.
d.      Add segments (schwa insertion in plural and past tense)
e.       Recorder segments (metathesis: sk to[ks]).
f.       Phonological rules often refer to entire classes of sounds rather than
to the individual sounds.
g.      Phonological rules are generated to account for what occurs in a
language, they are not originally used to describe children’s and disorted
speech howefer, they have been applied to describe children’s and
disordered speech.
  
FINISH !!