THE ROLE OF THENATIVE

LANGUAGE:AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

By : Kristiani (1800888203015)
1. introduction

in a second language learning situation,

learners rely extensively on their native
language.
Lado (1957) :

“individuals tend to transfer the forms and

meanings, and the distribution of forms and
meanings of their native language and culture to the
foreign language and culture—both productively
when attempting to speak the language and to act in
the culture, and receptively when attempting to
grasp and understand the language and the culture
as practiced by natives”.
2. Behaviorism
A. Linguistic background
Bloomfield’s classic work, Language (1933), The typical
behaviorist position is that language is speech rather than
writing. Furthermore, speech is a precondition for writing.
The justification for this position came from the facts
that :
(a) children without cognitive impairment learn to speak
before they learn to write.
(b)many societies have no written language, although all
societies have oral language; there are no societies with only
written but no spoken language systems.
Basic to his view is the concept of habits :

We establish a set of habits as children

continue our linguistic growth by analogizing from what we

already know or by mimicking the speech of others.
for example :
Jack and Jill are walking down a lane. Jill is hungry.
She sees an apple in a tree. She makes a sound with
her larynx, tongue, and lips. Jack vaults the fence,
climbs the tree, takes the apple, brings it to Jill, and
places it in her hand. Jill eats the apple.
 Bloomfield divides a situation like this into three
parts:
1. Practical events before the act of speech (e.g.,
hungry feeling, the sight of apple).
2. Speech event (making sound with larynx,
tongue, and lips).
3. Hearer’s response (Jack’s leaping over the
fence, fetching the apple, placing it in Jill’s
hand)
Bloomfieldian description of how language acquisition takes place :
1. Interestingly babbling generated by a child. This babbling trains
him to reproduce vocal sounds which strike his ear.
2. The next step is a pairing of this stimulus with the response of a
native speaker. The process depends on somebody, such as the
mother, saying something that resembles the babbling.
3. To the adults it may not sound like any of their words, but this is
due merely to its imperfection”.
4. the absence of the stimulus some-how creates another
stimulus which generates the same response.
5. correctperformance yields better results.
B. Psychological background
Learning is a cumulative process. The more knowledge and skills
an individual acquires, the more likely it becomes that his new
learning will be shaped by his past experiences and activities. An
adult rarely, if ever, learns anything completely new; however
unfamiliar the task that confronts him, the information habits he
has built up in the past will be his point of departure. Thus
transfer of training from old to new situations is part and parcel
of most, if not all, learning. In this sense the study of transfer is
coextensive with the investigation of learning.
(Postman, 1971, p. 1019)