Inferences About Two

Means: Dependent
Samples

Aniceto B. Naval
Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael’s College
Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College
Slide 1
 Key Concept

Inferential methods of using sample data from

two independent samples to test hypotheses
made about two population means.

Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College

Slide 2
 Definitions

Two samples are independent if the sample

values selected from one population are not
related to or somehow paired or matched with
the sample values selected from the other
population.
Two samples are dependent (or consist of
matched pairs) if the members of one sample
can be used to determine the members of the
other sample.
Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College
Slide 3
 T-test of Two Dependent Means

Computational Formula
where:
xd  d o
t xd is the mean of the
s differences.

n d is the hypothesized
o mean of the differences.
s standard error of the
n mean
Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College
Slide 4
 Sample Problems

Following are the weekly losses of man-hours due to

accidents in ten industrial plants before and after the
installation of an elaborate safety program:

Before 45 73 46 124 33 57 83 34 26 17
After 36 60 44 119 35 51 77 29 24 11

Test whether the safety program is effective. Use the 0.05

level of significance in one-tailed test.
Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College
Slide 5
 Sample Problems

Before 45 73 46 124 33 57 83 34 26 17
After 36 60 44 119 35 51 77 29 24 11
Difference 9 13 2 5 -2 6 6 5 2 6

Mean of differences = 5.2

Standard deviation of differences = 4.08.

5.2  0
Hence, t   4.03
4.08
10
Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College
Slide 6
 Solutions (cont’n.)

t-critical value at .05 level and 9 df = 1.833

Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College

Slide 7
 Solutions (cont’n.)

t-critical value at .05 level and 9 df = 1.833

Decision:
Since t – value = 4.04 exceeds the t-critical
value = 1.833, the null hypothesis must be
rejected.
Conclusion:
This implies that the industrial safety program
is effective.
Aniceto B. Naval, Faculty, Graduate School St. Michael's College
Slide 8