ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS

111305
 PARTS OF AEROPLANE

THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE

• WINGS
• FUSELAGE
• EMPENNAGE
• LANDING GEARS
• CONTROL SURFACE
• ENGINES
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION

• POSITION OF THE WING

– LOW WING
– MID WING
– HIGH WING
• NUMBER OF WINGS
– MONO PLANE
– BI PLANE
– TRI PLANE
• SHAPE OF THE WINGS
– DELTA WING
– DIAMOND WING
– SWEPT WING
– GULL SHAPED WING
• POSITION OF THE WINGS
– CONVENTIONAL WING
– NO TAIL OR TAILESS
– HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL
– CANARD TYPE
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR

– RETRACTABLE
– NON RETRACTABLE
– TAIL WHEEL
– NOSE WHEEL
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
3. CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTS
A. POWER PLANT TYPES
• PISTON ENGINE
• TURBO PROP
• TURBO SHAFT
• TURBO JET
• TURBO FAN
• ROCKET
B. NUMBER OF ENGINES
• SINGLE ENGINE
• TWO ENGINE
• MULTI ENGINE
C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES
• NOSE
• FUSELAGE
• JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING
• PYLON MOUNTING
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE
– ROUND
– SQUARE
– OVAL
 AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
A. CIVIL
B. CARGO
C. MILITARY
I. BOMBERS
II. FIGHTERS
III. INTERCEPTORS
 FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE
 PRIMARY GROUP
• AILERON
• ELEVATOR
• RUDDER
 SECONDARY GROUP
• TRIM TAB
• SPRING TAB
 AUXILIARY GROUP
• WING FLAPS
• SPOILERS
• SPEED BRAKES
• LEADING EDGE FLAP
• SLOTS
 AILERON
• Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the
tail. Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll.  Roll is
controlled by the ailerons.
 ELEVATOR
• Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip.
Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch  is controlled
by the elevator.
 RUDDER
• Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when
the aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is
called yaw. Yaw is controlled by the rudder.
 AIRCRAFT ENGINES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE

 PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE

 JET ENGINE
• TURBOPROP
• TURBOFAN
• TURBOJET
• RAMJET
 ROCKET ENGINE
TURBOPROP
PUSHER
TURBOFAN
TURBOJET
TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER
 ROCKET ENGINE

LIQUID FUEL

SOLID FUEL
 AIRFOIL
AN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A
DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH
WHICH IT MOVES
AIRFOIL GEOMETRY

• CHORD LINE
• MEAN CAMBER LINE
• ANGLE OF ATTACK
• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
 DRAG

• DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF

THE COMPLETE AERODYNAMIC FORCE
WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT
DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING
AIRFLOW).
• IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE
DIRECTION OF MOTION.
• IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF
THE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS
THE DESIRABLE COMPONENT
TYPES OF DRAG
DRAG POLAR
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

•Why should we study properties of

atmosphere?
•Variation of Temperature with Altitude
• Variation of Pressure with Altitude
•Variation of Density with Altitude
•Tables of Standard Atmosphere
 Why should we study
Atmospheric Properties
• Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine
engines and rockets that will operate at various
altitudes.
• They can not design these unless the
atmospheric characteristics are not known.
• For example,
L
CL 
1
V S
2

2
 What is a standard
atmosphere?
• Weather conditions vary around the globe, from
day to day.
• Taking all these variations into design is
impractical.
• A standard atmosphere is therefore defined,
that relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and
general airplane design to a common reference.
• This common reference is called a “standard”
atmosphere.
 Powered Controls
May take one of two basic forms:
• Servo-assisted
– Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator
which assists mechanical linkage to move
surface.
– Linkage still available if power is lost but system
then very heavy to operate.
• Fully power-operated
– Control signals transmitted hydraulically,
electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically (fly-by-light).
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
 INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
– THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
– ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY
– NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOT’S ABILITY TO
USE LANDMARKS
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

• FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
• ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
• NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION
INSTRUMENTS
THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

– ALTIMETER
– AIRSPEED INDICATOR
– VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
– HEADING INDICATOR
– ATTITUDE INDICATOR (“ARTIFICIAL
HORIZON”)
– TURN COORDINATOR
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION
TRUSS
MONOCOQUE
SEMI MONOCOQUE
THANK YOU