College of Engineering and Architecture

Power System Resiliency

Technical, Regulatory and
Organizational Solutions

Anjan Bose
Washington State University
Pullman, WA, USA
August 2017
 College of Engineering and Architecture

Power System Resiliency

Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-21), 2013:
Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience
“the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing
conditions and withstand and recover rapidly
from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability
to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks,
accidents, or naturally occurring threats or
incidents.”
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Resiliency vs. Reliability

• Power System Reliability got a technical definition
around 1970:
 Adequacy: Generation > Load (metric: LOLP)
 Security: No congestion (metric: N-1)
• This definition is for the high voltage network and
used as planning criteria
• For distribution feeders, reliability is measured by
SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIFI, etc.
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Resilience Metrics
2015 SANDIA Report:
Use Risk-Based Approach to define metrics
The metric must be with respect to:
•Threat (storms, cyber-attacks)
•Likelihood (probability of disruption)
•Consequence (social, economic)
Probability distribution of consequence
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Attributes Affecting Resiliency

• Prepare
 Advance Warning, Prepositioning, Stockpiling
• Withstand
 Robustness, Redundancy, Storage, Separation
• Adapt
 Rerouting, Substitution, Rationing,
Reorganization
• Recover
 Mutual Aid Agreements, Situational Awareness,
Resource Availability
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National Academies Report

Enhancing the Resilience of the
Nation’s Electricity System
•Training drills together with all other infrastructures
•Investment (planning and operations)
•R&D on Grid
•Investment (spares, backups, etc.)
•R&D on Cybersecurity
•Visioning Scenarios
•Preparation (bulk system, state, local) 6
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Other Technical Issues

• Operator actions (EMS, DMS)
• Situational Awareness (OMS)
• Crew Management
• Distribution feeder sectionalizing
• Distributed Energy Resources (and storage)
• Demand Response (load control)
• Communications (data, voice)
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Smart Grid Enhances Resiliency

• modeling and simulation
• Wide area monitoring and control
• Component hardening and physical security
• Distribution automation
• Better control/coordination of DER
• Enhanced l
• Intelligent load shedding / adaptive islanding
• System architectural considerations to reduce
criticality of individual components
• Reducing dependency on supporting infrastructures
• Cyber resiliency 8
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Regulations (USA)
• Federal (FERC) covers transmission and
generation grid (markets and reliability)
• State (PUC) covers distribution system and
customers (rates and reliability)
• Resiliency requires more than the T&D grid –
who regulates? Who makes the rules?
• During emergency, who is responsible?
FEMA, Utility, First Responders,
Communications, Water, Fuel,---
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Organization
• Many jurisdictions
 First responders
 Water, sewer, natural gas, gasoline/diesel,
communications
 Other (licensed electricians)
• Training (Drill jointly)
 Simulation when possible

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Last Thoughts
• Threats vary by region; Grid varies by region
• Resiliency has to be adjusted by region
• Investment is a societal decision
• Insurance models may be considered (Grid
Assurance)

US National Academies Report on Resiliency

https://
www.nap.edu/catalog/24836/enhancing-the-resilien
ce-of-the-nations-electricity-system 11