REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

7
Reinforced Concrete
By Peter W. Somers, S.E.
Originally developed by Finley A. Charney, PhD, P.E.

Disclaimer
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples
Reinforced Concrete - 1
 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 2

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 3

Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior
20000
4500 psi
18000 8800 psi
16000 13,500 psi
14000 17,500 psi
Stress, psi

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Strain, in./in.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 4

 Confined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
8000 no confinement
4.75 in.
7000 Pitch of
3.5 in.
¼ in. dia.
6000 2.375 in.
spiral
1.75 in.
Stress, psi

5000

4000

3000
Tests of
2000 6 in. x 12 in.
1000 cylinders

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 5

Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior
100

Grade 75
80
Stress, ksi

Grade 60
60 rupture~10-12%

Grade 40
40
strain hardening~ 1-3%
E = 29,000 ksi rupture ~18-20%
20

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Microstrain

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 6

 Reinforced Concrete Behavior

steel
yields failure

Load
cracked-inelastic
cracked-elastic

uncracked

Mid-Point Displacement, 

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 7

 Typical Moment Curvature Diagram

700
w/ strain hardening
600 f’c = 4 ksi

500 fy = 60 ksi
w/o strain hardening
M, in-kip

b = 8 in
400
d = 10 in
300 r = 0.0125

200

100

0
0 100 200 300

f x 10-5 in-1
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 8
 Moment-Curvature
with Confined Concrete
 c,max f'c
c


As
fy
s >y
Strain Stress

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 9

 Moment-Curvature with Confined
Concrete
35000

30000

25000
Moment, in-k

20000 Beam - 24 in. x 36 in.

Tension Steel - 12 ea. #10
15000 Compression Steel - 5 ea. #8
Confining Steel - #4 hoops at 4 in. c-c
10000

5000
without confining with confining
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
curvature, microstrain/in.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 10

 Plastic Hinging

l
id e a liz e d
M f a c tu a l

lp p la s tic
r o t a tio n
fu - fy
M u fu

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 11

 Strategies to Improve Ductility

• Use low flexural reinforcement ratio

• Add compression reinforcement
• Add confining reinforcement

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 12

 Other Functions of Confining Steel

• Acts as shear reinforcement

• Prevents buckling of longitudinal
reinforcement
• Prevents bond splitting failures

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 13

 Structural Behavior
Frames

Story Mechanism Sway Mechanism

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 14

 Structural Behavior - Walls
s

H V

N V
H V
V N
V C V
T

Flexural Horizontal Sliding on Sliding on

failure tension flexural cracks construction
joint

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 15

 Structural Behavior - Columns

Ultimate 14 in square
1000 4-#11 bars
yield f' c = 4 ksi
fy = 45 ksi
800
Axial load, P, kip

600 1.75” bending axis

400

200

0
0 400 800 1200 1600 0.002 0.001 0
Moment, M, in-kip Curvature, f, rad/in

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 16

Influence of Hoops on Axial Strength
Gross column Confined concrete
Area = A g Area = A core

Before spalling- After spalling-

P = Agf’c P = Acore(f’c + 4 flat)

After spalling  Before spalling

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 17

Hysteretic Behavior of Well Confined
Column
M 1.0
Mu
0.5

-4 4

-0.5 Drift, %

-1.0

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 18

 Structural Behavior
Columns
D
M1 M1 V
V

L
V

M2 M2
P
M 1  M 2 2 M pr
V 
L L Range
of P
M
Mo Mpr

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 19

 Structural Behavior
Joints

fc T
ft
h
Cc
Cs

Max. shear force

Vj = T- V

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 20

Hysteretic Behavior of Joint with Hoops
1.0
M
Mu
0.5

-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 21

 Hysteretic Behavior of
Joint without Hoops
1.0
M
Mu
0.5

-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 22

 Summary of Concrete Behavior
• Compressive Ductility
– Strong in compression but brittle
– Confinement improves ductility by
• Maintaining concrete core integrity
• Preventing longitudinal bar buckling
• Flexural Ductility
– Longitudinal steel provides monotonic ductility at low
reinforcement ratios
– Transverse steel needed to maintain ductility through
reverse cycles and at very high strains (hinge
development)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 23

 Summary of Concrete Behavior

• Damping
– Well cracked: moderately high damping
– Uncracked (e.g. prestressed): low damping
• Potential Problems
– Shear failures are brittle and abrupt and must be
avoided
– Degrading strength/stiffness with repeat cycles
• Limit degradation through adequate hinge
development

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 24

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 25

 Reference Standards
16

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 26

Modifications to Reference Standards

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 27

 Reference Standards

ASCE 7-16:
Defines systems and classifications
Provides design coefficients

ACI 318-14:
Provides system design and detailing
requirements consistent with ASCE 7-16
system criteria
Modified by ASCE 7-16

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 28

 Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Moment Frames
Cast-in-Place
Special
Intermediate
Ordinary
Precast
Special
Shear walls
Cast-in-Place
Special
Ordinary
Detailed plain
Ordinary plain
Precast
Intermediate
Ordinary
Dual Systems

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 29

 Use of Reference Standards
• ACI 318
– Chapter 18, Earthquake-Resistant Structures
• ASCE 7-16 and Provisions Section 14.2
– Modifications to ACI 318
– Detailing requirements for concrete piles
• Provisions supersede ASCE 7-10
modifications

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 30

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 31

 Performance Objectives
• Special Moment Frames
– Strong column
• Avoid story mechanism
– Hinge development
• Confined concrete core
• Prevent rebar buckling
• Prevent shear failure
– Member shear strength
– Joint shear strength
– Rebar development and splices (confined)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 32

 Performance Objectives
• Intermediate Moment Frames
– Avoid shear failures in beams and columns
– Plastic hinge development in beams and columns
– Toughness requirements for two-way slabs without
beams
• Ordinary Moment Frames
– Minimum ductility and toughness
– Continuous top and bottom beam reinforcement
– Minimum column shear failure protection

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 33

 Special Moment Frames

• General detailing requirements

• Beams
• Joints
• Columns
• Example problem

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 34

 Frame Mechanisms
“strong column – weak beam”

Story mechanism Sway mechanism

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 35

 Required Column Strength

M nc1
 Mnc  1.2 Mnb

M nb1 M nb2

M nc2

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 36

 Hinge Development

• Tightly Spaced Hoops

– Provide confinement to increase concrete strength
and usable compressive strain
– Provide lateral support to compression bars to
prevent buckling
– Act as shear reinforcement and preclude shear
failures
– Control splitting cracks from high bar bond stresses

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 37

 Hinge Development

Before
spalling

After
spalling

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 38

 Hinge Development

Bidirectional cracking

Spalled cover

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 39

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 40

 Performance Objectives
• Special R/C structural walls
– Resist axial forces, flexure and shear
– Boundary members
• Where compression stress/strain is large, maintain
capacity
– Development of rebar in panel
– Ductile coupling beams
• Ordinary R/C structural walls
– No seismic requirements, Ch. 18 does not apply

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 41

 Design Philosophy

• Flexural yielding will occur in predetermined

flexural hinging regions
• Brittle failure mechanisms will be precluded
– Diagonal tension
– Sliding hinges
– Local buckling
– Shear failures in coupling beams

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 42

 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
w
t = parallel to shear plane

 = perpendicular
hw
to shear plane

Shear plane, Acv =

web thickness x
length of wall

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 43

 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
•  and t not less than 0.0025
unless
Vu  Acv f 'c
then per Sec.11.6
• Spacing not to exceed 18 in.
• Reinforcement contributing to Vn
shall be continuous and distributed
across the shear plane

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 44

 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• Two curtains of reinforcing required
if:
Vu  2 Acv f 'c
• Design shear force determined from
lateral load analysis

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 45

 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• Shear strength:
Vn  Acv  c  f 'c   t f y 
c = 3.0 for hw/w1.5
c = 2.0 for hw/w2.0
Linear interpolation between
• Walls must have reinforcement in two
orthogonal directions

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 46

 ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
General Requirements
• For axial load and flexure, design like a
column to determine axial load – moment
interaction P
M

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 47

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 48

 Members Not Part of LFRS
• In frame members not designated as part of
the lateral-force-resisting system in regions
of high seismic risk:
– Must be able to support gravity loads while subjected
to the design displacement
– Transverse reinforcement increases depending on:
Forces induced by drift
Axial force in member

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 49

 Diaphragms
Diaphragm

Shear walls
Collectors, if req’d to transfer force
from diaphragm to structural walls
Load from analysis in accordance
With design load combinations
Check:
• Shear strength and reinforcement (min. slab reinf.)
• Chords (boundary members)
- Force = M/d Reinforced for tension
(Usually don’t require boundary members)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 50

 Struts and Trusses:
Performance Objectives
• All members have axial load (not flexure), so
ductility is more difficult to achieve

• Full length confinement

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 51

 Precast Concrete:
Performance Objectives

Field connections Field connections

at points of low must yield
stress

Strong connections Ductile connections

• Configure system so that hinges • Inelastic action at field
occur in factory cast members splice
away from field splices

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 52

 Quality Assurance:
Rebar Inspection
• Special inspection
– Rebar placement
– Prestressing tendon placement, stressing, grouting
– Concrete placement
• Testing
– Rebar (ratio of yield to ultimate)
– Concrete

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 53

 Topic Overview

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples from FEMA P-751

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 54

 Special Moment Frame Example
•Located in Berkeley, A A’ B C C’ D N
1
California
2
•12-story concrete
building

7 @ 30’ = 210’
3
•N-S direction: SMF 4
•E-W direction: dual 5
system
6
•Seismic Design
Category D 7

•Modal Analysis 8
5 @ 20’ = 100’
Procedure
Typical Floor Plan
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 55
 Frame Elevations
A A' B C C' D A A' B C C' D
Story Level 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0" 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0"
Story Level
R R
12 12
12 12
11 11
11 11
10 10
10 10
9 9
9 9
8 8

11 at 13'-0"

11 at 13'-0"
8 8
7 7
7 7
6 6
6 6
5 5
5 5
4 4
4 4
3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2
18'-0" 15'-0"

18'-0" 15'-0"
1 1
G G

B B

A. Section at Wall B. Section at Frame

Grid Lines 3 to 6 Grid Lines 2 and 7

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 56

Story Shears: E-W Loading

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 57

 Seismic Analysis: Dual Systems

• For dual systems,

moment frame must be
designed to resist at least
25% of design seismic
forces (ASCE 7, Sec.
12.2.5.1)

100% forces with

structural wall
25% forces w/o
structural wall

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 58

Layout of Reinforcement
#4 stirrup

4 #8 bar,
assumed

28.5”
29.5”
32”
24”
30”

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 59

 Design Strengths

Design Aspect Strength Used

Beam flexure Design strength
Maximum probable
Beam shear
strength
Maximum probable
Beam-column joint
strength
1.2 times nominal
Column flexure
beam strength
Maximum probable
Column shear
strength

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 60
Bending Moment Envelopes:
Frame 1 Beams, 7th Floor

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 61

 Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal
(continued)
Check additional requirements:

Minimum of two bars continuous top and OK (three #8 bars continuous top
bottom: OK (four #8 bars continuous top
and bottom)

Positive moment strength greater than OK (at all joints)

50 percent negative moment strength at  
a joint:
 

Minimum strength along member greater OK (As provided = four #8 bars is

than 0.25 maximum strength: more than 25 percent of
reinforcement provided at joints)

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 62

Beam Reinforcement: Layout

1
4

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 63
 Determine Beam Design Shear
Assumed
hinging
B C mechanism
6,841
Probable moment
strength, Mpr (k-in)

7,929 Vu,grav = 34.1 kips

20’ – 30”
= 17’-6”=210”

M pr1  M pr 2 7,929  6,841

Ve   Vu , grav   34.1  104.4 kips
n 210

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 64

 Loading

Beam Shear
Hinge locations
Force
A A' B C

7,042 7,042 7,042

7,042

(a)
Seismic moment
(tension side)
in.-kips
Beam moments
5,519 5,519 5,519 5,519
210"
15" 240" 15"

58.1 58.1 58.1

Seismic shear
(b)
Seismic shear
positive
kips
58.1 58.1 58.1

33.8 33.3 33.3 (c)

Gravity shear
Factored
gravity shear
(1.42D + 0.5L)
32.9 33.3 33.3 positive
kips

91.9 91.4 91.4

25.2 24.8 24.8
(d)
Design shear
seismic + gravity
Design shear
positive
24.3 24.8 24.8
kips
91.0 91.4 91.4

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 65

 Beam Reinforcement: Transverse

• Check maximum spacing of hoops within

plastic hinge length (2h)
– d/4 = 7.4 in.
– 6db = 6.0 in.
– 6 in.

Therefore, 6.0 in. spacing at ends is adequate

At beam rebar splices, s = 4.0 in.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 66

 Frame 1 Column Design
f 'c Ag
Column: Pu  A A' B

10 PL = 78 kips Includes
PD = 367 kips level 7

M  1.2 M nb

32"
then: nc
Level 7

13'-0"
30"

32"
Level 6

Design column using

standard P-M
interaction curve 20'-0" 20'-0"

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 67
 Column Design Moments

Design for strong column based on nominal beam moment strengths

A A' B
6,406

Beam moments (Level 7)

5,498
M nc  1.2 M nb

1.2 5,498  6,406  14,285 k - ft

7,142
Column moments (Level 7),
7,142 assume uniform distribution
top and bottom

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 68
Column Transverse Reinforcement

nl: number of longitudinal

bars that are laterally
supported by the corner of
hoops or by seismic hooks

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 69

Column Transverse Reinforcement

Maximum spacing is smallest of:

h/4 = 30/4 = 7.5 in.
6db = 6*1.0 = 6.0 in. (#8 bars)
so calculated as follows:

14  h x
so  4 
3

for 12 #8 vertical bars and #4 hoops,

hx = 8.33 in. and so = 5.72 in.

Next, check confinement requirements……

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 70

 Column Transverse Reinforcement
Assume 4 in. hoop spacing:
fc' < 10,000 psi and Pu< 0.3fc'Ag Equation (c) was not required.

 f 'c   Ag    5  900 

Ash  0.3 sbc    1  0.3 ( 4)( 27 )   1  0.63 in 2
 f  A   60  729 
 yt   ch  
and
f 'c  5 
Ash  0.09sbc  0.09(4)(27)   0.81 in 2
f yt  60 

Therefore, use #4 bar hoops with 4 legs

Ash = 0.80 in2

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 71

 Determine Column Shear
Based on probable moment strength of columns
and can be limited by probable moment strength of beams

Mpr,top
Mpr,1 Mpr,2 Vseismic

n

Vseismic
Mpr,3 Mpr,4
Mpr,bottom

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 72

 Column Shear Design
Based on column moments:
Mpr,col = 14,940 k-in (12 #8 vert and Pmax)

2(14,940)
Ve   241 kips
(124)

f 'c Ag 5(30)(3)
For Pmin    225 kips,
20 20
Vc can be included in shear calculation

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 73
 Column Shear Design

Assume 6 in. max hoop spacing at mid-height of column

Vc  2 f 'c bd  2 5,000 (30)( 27.5)  117 kips

Av f y d 0.8(60)( 27.5)
Vs    220 kips
s 6
Vn   (Vc  Vs )  0.75(117  220)  252 kips  241 kips OK

Hoops: 4 legs #4
s = 6 in. max

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 74
 Column Reinforcement
A'

• Confinement length, Level 7

lo, greater of:

32"

2"
• h = 30 in.

7 at 4"
• Hc/6 = (156-32)/6 =
(12) #8 bars

#4 hoops

20.7 in.

30"
7 at 6"
+ +

• 18 in. 30"

2" 7 at 4"
Level 6

– Therefore, use 30 in.

7 at 4"
32"

2"
30"

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 75

Summary of Seismic Detailing for Frames

Issue Ordinary Intermediate Special

Hinge development and
minor full
confinement
Bar buckling lesser full

Member shear lesser full

Joint shear minor minor full

Strong column full

Rebar development lesser lesser full

Load reversal minor lesser full

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples

Reinforced Concrete - 76
 Questions

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 77

 DISCLAIMER
• NOTICE: Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Additionally, neither FEMA nor
any of its employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, nor
assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness,
or usefulness of any information, product or process included in this
publication.
• The opinions expressed herein regarding the requirements of the NEHRP
Recommended Seismic Provisions, the referenced standards, and the
building codes are not to be used for design purposes. Rather the user
should consult the jurisdiction’s building official who has the authority to
render interpretation of the code.
• Any modifications made to the file represent the presenters' opinion only.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-1051, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 78