SASTRA Deemed to be University

School of Mechanical Engineering

Course Name: Fluid Mechanics

and Machinery
Course Code: MEC203
Semester : III
Dr. K. Anand,

1 SAP/SoME
 Fluid statics
Hydrostatics – fluid medium is liquid
Aerostatics – fluid medium is gas/air

Fluids won’t have any relative motion between

adjacent layers. Hence,

Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane surfaces

1) Pressure force, acting normal to the surface of

the fluid
2) Gravity force (self-weight of the liquid)

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 Fluid statics
Total Pressure
These are normal forces exerted by a static fluid
on a surface either curved or plane, when these
surfaces are in contact with the fluid

Center of Pressure
Point of application of the total pressure on the
surface. surfaces may be

1. Vertical surface 3. Inclined surface

2. Horizontal surface 4. curved surface

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 Fluid statics
Vertical plane surfaces submerged in liquid

- distance of C. G. of the area from free surface of

the liquid
- distance of center of pressure from the free
surface of liquid

A – total area of the surface

P – center of pressure
G – center of gravity of
plane surface

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 Fluid statics
Vertical plane surfaces submerged in liquid

dh – thickness of the strip

b – width of the strip
h – depth from the free surface

Pressure intensity on the strip,

Area of the strip,

Total pressure force on the strip,

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 Fluid statics
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑤h𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 ,

 
𝐹=∫ 𝑑𝐹=∫ 𝜌𝑔h×𝑏×𝑑h
 
¿𝜌𝑔 ∫ 𝑏×h×𝑑h
 
𝐹=𝜌 𝑔∫ h×𝑑𝐴
 
∫ 𝑏×h×𝑑h=∫ h×𝑑𝐴
¿  𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
¿  𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 . 𝐺. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
¿  𝐴 × h́
 
𝐹=𝜌 𝑔∫ h×𝑑𝐴
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 Fluid statics
Center  of   pressure
 

Principle of moments – the moment of the resultant force

about an axis is equal to the sum of moments of the
component s about the same axis

¿ 𝜌 𝑔h × 𝑏 ×𝑑h ×h
 

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 Fluid statics
Center  of   pressure
 

 
¿∫ 𝜌𝑔h×𝑏×𝑑h×h =𝜌𝑔 ∫ 𝑏×h×𝑑h×h 
2 ∵∫ h 𝑑 A =∫ 𝑏h 𝑑h 
2 2
   
¿𝜌𝑔 ∫ 𝑏h 𝑑h 
 

𝑠𝑢𝑚
  𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =𝜌 𝑔 𝐼 𝑜

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 Fluid statics
Center  of   pressure
 

 𝐹 × h∗ =𝜌 𝑔𝐼𝑜 ∵
  𝐹= 𝜌 𝑔𝐴 h́

 𝜌 𝑔𝐴 h́ ×h∗ = 𝜌 𝑔 𝐼
  ∗ 𝜌 𝑔𝐼𝑜
𝑜 h =
𝜌 𝑔𝐴 h́

2
  𝐼 𝐺 + 𝐴 h́
h∗ =
𝐴 h́

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 Fluid statics
Center  of   pressure
 

 From the equation, it is evident that

1) lies below the center of gravity of the
vertical surface
2) the distance of center of pressure from the
free surface of liquid is independent of the
density of the liquid

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 Fluid statics
M
  .I . and  other   geometric   properties   of   plane   surfaces 

School of Mechanical Engineering 11

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 Fluid statics
M
  .I . and  other   geometric   properties   of   plane   surfaces 

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 Fluid statics
 Problems

A rectangular plane surface is 2 m wide and 3 m deep. It lies in

vertical plane in water. Determine the total pressure and position
of center of pressure on the plane surface when its upper edge is
horizontal and (a) coincides with water surface, (b) 2.5 m below
the free water surface. Given ρ = 1000kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2

 𝐹=𝜌 𝑔𝐴 h́

2  h́= 1 ( 3 )=1.5 𝑚
 𝐴=3 ×2=6 𝑚
2
𝐹=1000
  ×9.8 1 ×6 × 1.5 ¿  88.29 𝑘𝑁
2
  𝐼 𝐺 + 𝐴 h́
Depth of center of pressure, h∗ =
𝐴 h́

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 Fluid statics
 Problems

  𝑏 𝑑 3 2 ×33 4
𝐼𝐺 = = =4.5 𝑚
12 12
  ∗ 𝐼𝐺 4.5
h = + h́= +1.5=2.0 𝑚
𝐴 h́ 6 × 1.5

Upper edge is 2.5 m below the water surface,

 𝐹=𝜌 𝑔𝐴 h́
  1
h́= ( 3 ) +2.5= 4.0 𝑚
2

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 Fluid statics
 Problems

𝐹=1000 ×9.81 × 6× 4 ¿  235.44 𝑘𝑁

 

  ∗ 𝐼𝐺
Depth of center of pressure, h = + h́
𝐴 h́
  ∗ 4.5
h = +4.0=4.19 m
6×4
Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of
diameter 1.5 m which is placed vertically in water in such
a way that the center of the plate is 3 m below the free
surface of water. Find the position of center of pressure
also.

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 Fluid statics
 Problems
  1.5 2
2
𝐴=𝜋 𝑟 =𝜋 ×
2 ( )
=1.77 𝑚 2

 h́=3.0 𝑚

 𝐹=𝜌 𝑔𝐴 h́=52 𝑘𝑁
  ∗ 𝐼𝐺
Depth of center of pressure, h = + h́
𝐴 h́

  ∗ 0.2485
h = +3=3.05 𝑚
1.77 ×3

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