Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Well Testing Analysis

3/2/2016 Well Testing Analysis 1

 Basic transient flow equation
The diffusivity equation
1 𝜕𝜕 k 𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕
rρ = (ρ∅) (1.1)
r 𝜕𝜕𝜕 µ 𝜕𝜕𝜕 002637 𝜕𝜕𝜕
Gas viscosity and density vary significantly with pressure
and therefore the assumptions of Equation (1.1) are not
satisfied for gas systems, i.e., compressible fluids the flow
of compressible fluids in the reservoir, the following two
additional gas equations must be considered
Gas density equation ρ = pM (1.2)
ZRT
Gas compressibility equation c = 1 − 1 dz (1.3)
g
p z dp

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 Basic transient flow equation
1 𝜕𝜕 𝑀𝑀 𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝑀𝑀 𝑝𝑝
𝑟𝑟 = ∅ (1.4)
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑧𝑧 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 002637 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑧𝑧
1 𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝
=> 𝑟𝑟 = ∅
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧 𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 002637 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕∅ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
∅ = + ∅ = + ∅
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕∅ 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝
= ∅ +
𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∅ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧
𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= ∅ 𝑐𝑐𝑓𝑓 + 𝑐𝑐𝑔𝑔 = ∅𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 (1.5)
𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Combine (1.1) and (1.5)
1 𝜕𝜕 p 𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∅µct p 𝜕𝜕𝜕
r = (1.6)
r 𝜕𝜕𝜕 zµ 𝜕𝜕𝜕 0.0002637k µz 𝜕𝜕𝜕

3/2/2016 Well Testing Analysis 3

 Basic transient flow equation
𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
With m(p) = ψ = ∫𝟎𝟎 𝒛𝒛𝝁𝝁 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
differentiating this relation with respect to p
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑) 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
=
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝒛𝒛𝝁𝝁
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑) 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑) 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑)
⇒ =  = (1.7)
𝝏𝝏𝒓𝒓 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝒓𝒓 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑) 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑) 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑)
⇒ =  = (1.8)
𝝏𝝏𝒕𝒕 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏𝒕𝒕 𝝏𝝏𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝒕𝒕
Combine (1.6), (1.7) and (1.8)
𝝏𝝏𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 (𝒑𝒑) 𝟏𝟏 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑) ∅𝝁𝝁𝒄𝒄𝒕𝒕 𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏(𝒑𝒑)
+ = (1.9)
𝝏𝝏𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒓 𝝏𝝏𝒓𝒓 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝏𝝏𝒕𝒕

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 Basic transient flow equation
The exact solution to Equation (1.9) that is
commonly referred to as the m(p) solution method. There
are also two other solutions that approximate the exact
solution. In general, there are three forms of mathematical
solution to the diffusivity equation:
(1) m(p) solution method (exact solution);
(2) pressure-squared method (p2 approximation method);
(3) pressure-method (p approximation method).

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 Basic transient flow equation
(1) m(p) solution method (exact solution)
Imposing the constant-rate condition as one of the
boundary conditions required to solve Equation 1.9, Al-
Hussany et al. (1966) proposed the following exact
solution to the diffusivity equation:
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 ∅𝝁𝝁𝒄𝒄𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝒘𝒘
(1.10)
Qg = gas flow rate, Mscf/day
k = permeability, md
T = Reservoir temperature

3/2/2016 Well Testing Analysis 6

 Basic transient flow equation
(1) m(p) solution method (exact solution)
The radial gas diffusivity equation can be expressed
in a dimensionless form in terms of the dimensionless
real-gas pseudopressure drop ψD. The solution to the
dimensionless equation is given by:
𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒎𝒎(𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 )
𝝋𝝋𝑫𝑫 =
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻
⇒ 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝝋𝝋𝑫𝑫 (1.11)
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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 Basic transient flow equation
(1) m(p) solution method (exact solution)
0.0002637 kt
tD =
φµct rw 2
tD > 100
𝜑𝜑D = 0. 5[ln(tD) + 0. 80907]

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 Basic transient flow equation
(1) m(p) solution method (exact solution)
Example 1:
A gas well with a wellbore radius of 0.3ft is
producing at a constant flow rate of 2500 Mscf/day under
transient flow conditions. The initial reservoir pressure
(shut-in pressure) is 4400 psi at 140oF. The formation
permeability and thickness are 70 md and 20 ft,
respectively. The porosity is recorded as 20%. Assuming
that the initial total isothermal compressibility is 3 × 10−4
psi−1, calculate the bottom-hole flowing pressure after 5
hours.

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 Basic transient flow equation
Example 1:
The table is reproduced below for convenience:
p (psi) muy z m(p)
0 0.0127 1
400 0.0129 0.937
800 0.0139 0.882
1200 0.0153 0.832
1600 0.0168 0.794
2000 0.0184 0.77
2400 0.0201 0.763
2800 0.0217 0.775
3200 0.0234 0.797
3600 0.025 0.827
4000 0.0266 0.86
4400 0.0283 0.896
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 Basic transient flow equation
(2) pressure-squared method
The first approximation to the exact solution is to
move the pressure-dependent term (μZ) outside the
integral that defines m(pwf ) and m(pi), to give
𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑 𝒊𝒊 − 𝒑𝒑 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘
𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = � 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 =
� 𝒛𝒛� 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘
𝝁𝝁 � 𝒛𝒛�
𝝁𝝁
The bars over μ and Z represent the values of the
gas viscosity and deviation factor as evaluated at the
average pressure p. This average pressure is given by:
𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊 + 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘
�=
𝒑𝒑
𝟐𝟐

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 Basic transient flow equation
(2) pressure-squared method
𝝁𝝁𝒛𝒛�
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻� 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊 − 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 ∅𝝁𝝁𝒄𝒄𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐𝒘𝒘
Or
𝝁𝝁𝒛𝒛�
𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻�
= 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘
− 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐𝒊𝒊 𝝋𝝋𝑫𝑫
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
The above approximation solution forms indicate
that the product (μZ) is assumed constant at the average
pressure p. This effectively limits the applicability of the
p2 method to reservoir pressures of less than 2000. It
should be pointed out that when the p2 method is used to
determine pwf it is perhaps sufficient to set μZ = μiZ.

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 Basic transient flow equation
(2) pressure-squared method

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 Basic transient flow equation
(2) pressure-squared method
Example 2:
A gas well is producing at a constant rate of 7454.2
Mscf/day under transient flow conditions. The following
data is available: k = 50md, h = 10 ft, φ = 20%, pi =
1600psi, T = 600oR, rw = 0.3ft, cti = 6.25 × 10−4 psi−1. The
gas properties are tabulated below:
p (psi) muy z m(p)
0 0.0127 1
400 0.0129 0.937 13278206.65
800 0.0139 0.882 52657981.01
1200 0.0153 0.832 116466939.4
1600 0.0168 0.794 202153219.3
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 Basic transient flow equation
(3) pressure approximation method
The second method of approximation to the exact
solution of the radial flow of gases is to treat the gas as a
pseudo-liquid. Recal that the gas formation volume factor
𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁
Bg as expressed in bbl/scf is given by: 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈 =
𝟓𝟓.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑻𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏
=
𝒛𝒛 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈
𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊
𝟐𝟐𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝝁𝝁𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈

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 Basic transient flow equation
(3) pressure approximation method
The second method of approximation to the exact
solution of the radial flow of gases is to treat the gas as a
pseudo-liquid. Recal that the gas formation volume factor
𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒁𝒁𝒁𝒁
Bg as expressed in bbl/scf is given by: 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈 =
𝟓𝟓.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑻𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏
=
𝒛𝒛 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈
𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊
𝟐𝟐𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝝁𝝁𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈

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 Basic transient flow equation
(3) pressure approximation method
Fetkovich (1973) suggested that at high pressures
above 3000 psi (p > 3000), P/μBg is nearly constant

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 Basic transient flow equation
(3) pressure approximation method

𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊
𝟐𝟐𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒎𝒎 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝝁𝝁𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
= (𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 )
� 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈
𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝝁𝝁
Combine (1.10) or (1.11)
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝝁𝝁
� 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟐𝟐
− 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 ∅𝝁𝝁𝒄𝒄𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒘𝒘
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟐∗𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑸𝑸𝒈𝒈 𝝁𝝁
� 𝑩𝑩𝒈𝒈
Or 𝒑𝒑𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 = 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 − 𝑷𝑷𝑫𝑫
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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 Basic transient flow equation
(3) pressure approximation method
pD = 0.5*[ln(tD) + 0.80907]
Example 3: A gas well with a wellbore radius of 0.3 ft is
producing at a constant flow rate of 3000 Mscf/day under
transient flow conditions. The initial reservoir pressure
(shut-in pressure) is 4400 psi at 140oF. The formation
permeability and thickness are 65 md and 15 ft,
respectively. The porosity is recorded as 20%.
Pi 4400 Muy 0.0283 Z 0.896
Assuming that the initial total isothermal compressibility
is 3 × 10−4 psi−1, calculate, the bottom-hole flowing
pressure after 5 hours by using the p approximation
method
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 Basic transient flow equation
Bài tập:
Một vỉa chứa có các thông số sau:
Pi = 4000psi k = 5md h = 65ft ct = 4*10^-4
T = 150oF ∅ = 20% Qg = 5mmscf/d
rw = 0.3ft
Xác định áp suất đáy giếng sau 10h khai thác. Với bảng số
liệu sau: p (psi) muy z
0 0.013 1
Theo pp chính xác và xấp xỉ 1000 0.015 0.872
2000 0.018 0.79
3000 0.02 0.763
4000 0.025 0.8
5000 0.027 0.83
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