Human Nervous systemVIII

Grade VIII

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
To be able to:
 Understand the nervous system and how organ systems communicate.
 To identify the main features of a neuron

Keywords:

Stimulus, CNS, PNS , Neuron, dendrite and axon

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How do they work?

 Human nervous system is a complex of interconnected system,

each with specific structures and functions.

 Nervous system keeps us informed about both internal outside

environment

 Enable us to remember, to think and to reason out

 Controls and harmonise all voluntary muscular activities

 Regulate involuntary activities

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STIMULUS: An agent or a change of the external or internal environment
that results in a change of an organism
RESPONSE: The change that is brought about due to stimulus

IMPULSE: A wave of irritation or disturbance that sweeps over the nerve

cell .
RECEPTORS: The specialised epithelial cells which receive the stimulus set
up the impulse towards the CNS. Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors,
thermoreceptors ,etc.
EFFECTORS: Muscle or glands which, on receiving the impulse from CNS,
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PERIKARYON

NODE OF
RANVIER

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SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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What is a neuron?

A neuron is a highly specialised cell which is the structural and functional unit of
the nervous system.

What is the function of a neuron?

A neuron receives and transmits signal within the nervous system and between
other body parts.

How many types of neurons are thereband what are their

function?
1. Sensory neuron detect stimuli and transmit signals to CNS
2. Interneuron receives signals from sensory neuron and relay them within CNS
3. Motor neuron: Pass messages from nervous system to other body parts.

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 WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF:
CELL BODY
 Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. It is the main processing
 The cell body? centre o the cell.

DENDRITEs
 Thin branching extensions of cell body that conducts impulse
 Dendrites? towards cell body

AXON
 A single branch that conducts nerve impulses away from
the cell body
 Axon?  some axons are covered with myelin sheath

SYNAPSE
 The junction between 2 neurons
 Synapse?  Transmits signal from the axon terminal to the
dendrites of another neuron

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsBaPtemAjs&t=6s
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NEUROTRANSMISSION

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Affector-Effector pathway

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 THE STIMULUS RESPONSE MODEL
Stimulus: an agent or a sudden change of the external or internal environment that
brings in a change in a an organism.
Response: the change in an organism resulting due to stimulus.
Impulse: A wave of irritability caused by a stimulus.
Receptor: The specialised epithelial cells that receive the stimulus.
Effector: Muscle or glands which on receiving the impulse from the brain or spinal
cord, contract or secrete substance.

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THE STIMULUS RESPONSE MODEL

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12 pairs Cranial nerves
31 pairs Spinal nerves

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CNS is composed of two major interconnected organs

 The Brain
 The spinal cord

 These organs work together to integrate and coordinate

sensory information

 The CNS is responsible for higher neural functions such as

memory, learning and emotion

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BRAIN
 Enclosed inside the cranium
 Covered by meninges
 Protected by cerebrospinal fluid
 Weighs about 1.5kg
 75% water
 Contains 100 billion neurons
 Controls bodily functions with other
outside world

Parts of Brain
 Cerebrum
 Cerebellum
 Medulla Oblongata
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4 LoBES OF CEREBRUM

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RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERE OF THE BRAIN

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 Vertical Section of
the brain

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CEREBELLUM:

FUNCTIONS

 Coordinates musculoskeletal movements

 Maintain
 Posture
 Balance
 Muscle tone(timing and pattern of
      muscle movement)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3j_GCS3QYc4
&feature=youtu.be
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 Medulla Oblongata

FUNCTIONS

 Regulate heart beat

 Breathing and lung functioning

 Swallowing

 Peristalsis

 Coughing, vomiting and sneezing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yXMGQaVVXg

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SPINAL CORD
 Extended from the medulla oblongata of the
brain to the lower back.
 is protected by
 Vertebral column
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Meninges
 Composed of interneurons.
 Nerves from the peripheral nervous system
extend out from the spinal cord
 It sends and receives messages to and from
the brain
 Regulates reflexes Nervous system in Humans 23
 Peripheral Nervous System:
Comprises of all the neurons outside the CNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nervers

A. Somatic N.S. :provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions:

Afferent(sensory) nerves
-carry impulses from the body to CNS
Efferent (motor)nerves
-carry impulses from CNS to muscle and glands
cause target organs to do something in response to commands

B. Autonomic Nervous System:

-provides involuntary control over smooth muscles, cardiac muscle in response to the commands
of the CNS

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ANS
Sympathetic
increase heart bate
constrict blood vessels
raise blood pressure
3F response

ParaSympathetic

slow heart rate

increase peristalsis in intestine
Increase glandular secretion
relax sphincters

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REFLEX ACTION OR REFLEX:
A reflex is a rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus and results from a
simpler pathway called a “Reflex arc”.

Reflex action :
 A quicker neural reaction
 Unconscious action
 Brain does not involve in decision decision making process
 Sensory information is relayed directly to motor pathways withing the
Spinal cord

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THE END

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