DEFFUSION AND

OSMOSIS (PRE-
LAB)
ACTIVITY 4 GBSG3
OBJECTIVES

1. TO DEMONSTRATE DIFFUSION ACROSS THE SEMI-

PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
2. TO DIFFERENTIATE HYPOTONIC, HYPERTONIC AND
ISOTONIC ENVIROMENTS.
3. TO DISCUSS THE BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION.
INTRODUCTION:

Diffusion is the net passive movement of particles (atoms,

ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher
concentration to regions of lower concentration. It continues until
the concentration of substances is uniform throughout. Diffusion is
possible because of kinetic motion or random movements and
collision of the molecules.

Osmosis is the net movement of water across a semipermeable

membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area
of higher solute concentration. It is worthwhile to note that the net
flow or direction in osmosis always makes the more concentrated
solution more dilute. Osmosis is important in many biological
processes, and it often takes place at the same time that solutes
diffuse or are transported. 

A. DIFFUSION THROUGH A SEMI-
PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
1. Soak the cellophane in
water for about 30
minutes or until it
becomes soft and pliable
2. Fill the cellophane half-
full with starchsolution.
3. Tie the cellophane
tightly. Make sure that it
is secure and there’s no
leak.
4.Rinse the cellophane
gently with distilled water
to ensure it is not
contaminated with starc.
Set Aside.
5. Fill the beaker with
300mL distilled water and
mix with it with 3mL of
iodine.
6. Immerse the cellophane
with starch sample into the
beaker containing the
iodine solution. Let it stand
for 15 minutes.
7. While waiting for
diffusion to occur, test the
reaction of starch solution
in a watch glass and
adding a drop of iodine in
it. Observe the color
change. Record the results
table 4.1b.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
B. OSMOSIS
8. After 15 minutes, 4. Allow them to 1.Prepare 3 test
observe the solution in the stand for about 5 tubes and number
beaker and in the minutes. each test tube.
7.Record
cellophane.
observations in
the table 4.2.
5. Get two drops of
2. Place 2mL of 0.9%
red blood cell
Nacl to test tube 1,
9. Record the results in suspension from
then 2mLof distilled
table 4.1a. every test tube and
water to test 2 and
place separately in
2mL of 0.3% NaCl
three microscope
solution to test tube
slides (Do not forget
3.
to label the slides).
3. Then add 3 drops
of fresh
6. Examine the three (uncoagulated)
specimens under the human blood in each
high power objective test tube. Mix gently
(HPO). to prepare a red
blood cell
suspension.
3 TYPES OF OSMOTIC
SOLUTION
HYPERTONIC

A red blood cell in a hypertonic solution,

causing water to move out of the cell.

A hypertonic solution has a greater

concentration of solutes than another
solution.

When a cell is immersed in a

hypertonic solution, osmotic pressure
tends to force water to flow out of the
cell in order to balance the
concentrations of the solutes on
either side of the cell membrane.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity
HYPETONIC

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of

solutes than another solution.

Due to osmotic pressure, water diffuses into the

cell, and the cell often appears turgid, or bloated.
For cells without a cell wall such as animal cells,
if the gradient is large enough, the uptake of
excess water can produce enough pressure to
induce cytolysis, or rupturing of the cell. When
plant cells are in a hypotonic solution, the central
vacuole takes on extra water and pushes the cell
membrane against the cell wall. Due to the rigidity
of the cell wall, it pushes back, preventing the cell
from bursting.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity
ISOTONIC

A solution is isotonic when its effective osmole

concentration is the same as that of another
solution. In biology, the solutions on either side
of a cell membrane are isotonic if the
concentration of solutes outside the cell is
equal to the concentration of solutes inside the
cell. In this case the cell neither swells nor
shrinks because there is no concentration
gradient to induce the diffusion of large
amounts of water across the cell membrane.
Water molecules freely diffuse through the
plasma membrane in both directions, and as
the rate of water diffusion is the same in each
direction, the cell will neither gain nor lose
water.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity
3 EXAMPLES OF IV FLUID
PER OSMOTIC SOLUTION
AND THEIR
USES/INDICATION
ISOTONIC IV FLUID
Most IV fluids are isotonic, meaning, they have the same concentration of solutes as
blood plasma. When infused, isotonic solutions expand both the intracellular fluid and
extracellular fluid spaces, equally. Such fluids do not alter the osmolality of the vascular
compartment. Technically, electrolyte solutions are considered isotonic if the total
electrolyte content is approximately 310 mEq/L. Isotonic IV fluids have a total
osmolality close to that of the ECF and do not cause red blood cells to shrink or swell.
Isotonic IV fluids are used to increase fluid volume due to blood loss, surgery, or
dehydration . There are many different types of common isotonic fluids, such as:
1. Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl, NS)
2. 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)
3. Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LR)

https://nurseslabs.com/iv-fluids/
HYPOTONIC IV FLUID

Hypotonic IV solutions have a lower osmolality and contain fewer solutes than plasma. They
cause fluid shifts from the ECF into the ICF to achieve homeostasis, therefore, causing cells
to swell and may even rupture. IV solutions are considered hypotonic if the total electrolyte
content is less than 250 mEq/L.

Hypotonic IV fluids are designed to bring fluid from the bloodstream into the cells and tissues
to help in body waste excretion. In other words, they are commonly used to help patients
avoid dehydration.

There are many common types of hypotonic fluid, such as:

– 0.45% Normal Saline (Half Normal Saline)
– 0.225% Normal Saline (Quarter Normal Saline)
– 2.5% Dextrose

https://nurseslabs.com/iv-fluids/
 HYPERTONIC IV FLUID
Hypertonic IV solutions have a greater concentration of solutes (375 mEq/L and greater) than plasma and
cause fluids to move out of the cells and into the ECF in order to normalize the concentration of particles
between two compartments. This effect causes cells to shrink and may disrupt their function. They are also
known as volume expanders as they draw water out of the intracellular space, increasing extracellular fluid
volume.

Hypertonic IV fluids are used to shift fluids into the bloodstream to dilute electrolytes. Some of these fluids
often appear on the list of vesicants. More on those in a moment. These types of fluids usually contain
dextrose, a simple sugar made from corn, that can be used at higher rates to treat diabetics going through
severe hypoglycemia. However, the use of these fluids must be monitored closely because they could lead to
an overload in fluid.
Types of common hypertonic fluids include:
1. Saline Solutions: >0.9%
a. 3% NaCl 2. Dextrose 3. Dextrose 5% in 0.9
Solutions >=10% Normal Saline (N5NS)
b. 5% NaCl
4. Dextrose 5% in 0.45%
Normal Saline (D5 1/2 NS)
5. Dextrose 5% in Lactated
Ringer’s (D5LR)
https://nurseslabs.com/iv-fluids/
APPLICATION OF DIFFUSION
AND OSMOSIS IN THE HUMAN
BODY AND IN DAILY ACTIVITIES
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of a gas or any
substance in solution. It is caused by the random movement of
particles.

It is important in the body for the movement of substances.

Example the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and
carbon dioxide out of the blood into the lungs, or the movement of
glucose from the blood to the cells.

-Osmosis takes place when two solutions are separated by partially

permeable membrane.
Partially permeable membrane - lets some particles through but not
others.

https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/homeostasis-kidn
eys/3
HOW DOES ARTIFICIAL
KIDNEY WORKS?
 A pump in the hemodialysis machine slowly draws out your
blood, then sends it through another machine called a
dialyzer. This works like a kidney and filters out extra salt,
waste, and fluid. Your cleaned blood is sent back into your
body through the second needle in your arm.

Hemodialysis is a procedure where a dialysis machine and a

special filter called an artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used
to clean your blood. To get your blood into the dialyzer, the
doctor needs to make an access, or entrance, into your blood
vessels. This is done with minor surgery, usually to your arm.

https://robots.net/how-to-guide/artificial-kidney/
WHY IS THERE LESS BLOOD
FLOW TO THE BRAIN DURING
A STATE OF “SOCK”?DURING
AN INCIDENCE OF SHOCK
SYNDROME WHAT HAPPEN TO
THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES?
 Because the excessive dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation)
increases the capacity of blood vessels and decreases blood
pressure and this can decrease blood flow and oxygen
delivery to organs, For the capillaries the body will responds to
this life-threatening situation by constricting (narrowing) blood
vessels in the extremities (hands and feet). This is called
vasoconstriction and it helps conserve blood flow to the vital
organs.

https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-in-context/osmosis-and-its-role-in-human-biology-and-health
MEMBERS:

TALAMON, APPLE GRACE

NOVENO, MICHELLE E.
VILLARAZA, ALEX
ROMBO, IKE JR.
NUÑEZ, SHERYLL ANNE L.

VENUS, DAVID JAKE