Modals Auxiliary: Lecturer: Nurhayati Aritonang, MT BY: FERDYAN ADAM (19050724010) GITA RIZQI. H (19050724009)

MODALS AUXILIARY
 LECTURER : NURHAYATI ARITONANG, MT

 BY : FERDYAN ADAM (19050724010)
 GITA RIZQI. H (19050724009)
Department of Civil Engineering

Engineering Faculty
State University of Surabaya
English Grammar I
Unit 8: Modal Auxiliary Verbs
 Modal auxiliary verbs are used with a mai
n verb to show, mood and ideas such as
ability, possibility and permission.
 Table 8.1: Modals
can will must shall may
could would ought to should might

 Can: Can is used
1) to express ability:
 Ryan can speak French but he cannot spe
ak German.
 Superman can do things that ordinary peo
ple can’t.
2) to express offering something:
 Can you help Sue?
 Can I offer you something to drink?
3) to express permission:
 Can I use your cell phone?
 You can’t go out with Victor.
4) to express possible:
 If the weather is perfect tomorrow, we can
go on a picnic.
 I can be ready by five.
 I will be ready five.
＊ Can is used to express a statement that i
s less uncertain than will.
5) be able to: be able to is used to describe
an ability that a person will have in the fut
ure.
 My baby will be able to walk in a few mont
hs.
 I am busy but I will be able to talk to you in
ten minutes.
Example :
 Present continuous tense :
I am using cement for combination of making concrete.
 Past perfect continuous tense :

Cement has been can combined with concrete manufacturing.
Could: Could is used
1) to express abilities in the past:
 Jason could do 50 push-ups in five minut
es when he was young.
 Jason could talk when he was four.
2) to express permission:
 Could you lend me two grants?
 Could I borrow your eraser ?
3) to express possibility:
 Just wait for more minutes! She could be la
te.
4) could with present perfect tense is used to
express something in the past may be rea
l.
 You could have been killed in that accident.
 I could have won that game.
5) Giving a suggestion:
 We could go to the beach next week if you get
bored.
 You could be more careful next time!
 Shall: shall is used to express the simple
future for the first person.
 Shall we meet at the bus stop?
 I shall never forget your help.
 Will: Will is used
1) present to future tense:
 Sean will leave tomorrow. She will be bac
k in a few days.
 If it rains, the soccer game will be put off.
2) express willing,
 If you won’t go and help him, I will.
 I will wash the dishes if you cook.
 Would: Would is used
1) as the past tense of will:
 She said she would buy dinner on her way
home.
 I believed it would rain so I brought my rai
ncoat.
2) to express polite request:
 Would you please take off your coat?
 Would you mind turning the radio off?
3) to express actions take place in the past:
 I would fish and swim in the river when I li
ved in the countryside.
 I used to go swimming in the river when I l
ived in the countryside.
4) to express desire
 I would like to have one day off.
 I’d love to stay for a few more days.
 Should: Should is used
1) to give advice and opinions
 You are driving too fast; you should slow
down a little bit.
 You have gained a lot of weight. You shou
ld go on a diet.
2) to express expectations:
 Are you ready? The taxi should be here s
oon.
 Twenty dollars is enough. It shouldn’t cost
more than that.
3) to suggest a less strong possibility
 If you should pass the bakery, can you bu
y some bread?
4) Should with present perfect tense means
something in the past should not be don
e.
 The baby is crying. You shouldn’t have tal
ked so loudly.
 Mom is angry. You shouldn’t have come b
ack so late.
 Must &Have to: must/have to are used to
1) express something is necessary and esse
ntial
 You must pay by cash.
 You have to drive on the right in France.
2) must not is used to express something is
not permitted or allowed.
 Students have to wear uniform.
 You mustn’t smoke, eat and drink in the
museum.
 You must not drink and drive.
3) not have to is used to express something t
hat is not to be done necessarily.
 We don’t have to get up early on Saturday.
 She doesn’t have to live in the hotel. She c
an live with us.
 Example :
 Present Continuous Tense :
We are must trying to examine difference kinds of cement
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense :

I’m had must try to examine difference kinds of cement
 May: May is used to
1) express possibility in the present or in the f
uture.
 It may rain.
 Elizabeth may know his telephone numbe
r.
2) for permission:
 May I come in?
 You may come if you want.

3) to express wish or hope.
 May you a long life!
 Example :
 Present Tense :
The students may be studying about building structure today

 Might: Might is used
1) to express possibility in the present or in th
e future.
 Ashley might be in the library. I am not sur
e.
 George might come as well.
 He may come.
 He might come. (the chance that he comes
is less likely than may)
2) might with present perfect tense means s
peculation about the past.
 Edward is late. He might have missed his
bus or he might have overslept.
 Example :
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
The students might have been studying about building structure t

oday
 8.1 Difference between the modal verb
s.
1) The modals used to express future possibi
lity are: may, might, could and can. Could
and might express more uncertainty than
may.
 I may take a vacation in Bali Island.
 You could be right. I am not sure.
 There are only few jobs available, so she
might not find one.
2) The modals used to express request are:
can, could, will and would. However, coul
d and would are more polite.
 Could you give me a raise? Yes, I can.
 Can you close the window? Sure I can.
＊ Be sure to use “can” and “will” for an affir

mative short answer even if the question
starts with would and could.
3) The modals used to express permission a
re: can, could and may. May is used in for
mal situation.
 Where may I park my car? You can park r
ight in front of the store.
 Could I borrow your MP3? Yes, you may.
 You may not park in the handicapped park
ing space.
＊ Use may and can in short answers.
could cannot be used to give and refuse p
ermission.
4) The modals used to give advice are: coul
d, might, should, must, have to, had better,
and ought to.
 You could meet me tonight or tomorrow m
orning.
 You had better tell us the truth.
 Your son ought to see a doctor.
 You should not wear sandals and shorts to

work.
＊ had better is stronger than should, ought
to,
could and might are used when there are
more than one choice.
5) The modals used to express preference ar
e: prefer, would prefer, would rather and
would like.
 I would prefer to have Japanese food for di
nner.
 I would prefer to spend the night at home r
ather than drive out.
 I would rather go by bus.
 I would rather go out than stay home toni
ght.
 I would like to have some tea.
 8.1-2 Exercise: Use an appropriate mo
dal verb to compete each sentence
1. Owen _______( not) do his homework be
cause tomorrow is Saturday.
2. Drivers ________ stop at a stop sign.
3. ________ you make a copy for me?
4. We _______ leave now or we will be late.
5. A: _______ I use your laptop computer?
B: Of course you _______.
6. I _______ rather cook tonight.
7. _____ I go to the restroom, Miss Chang?
8. ______ you prefer chicken or steak for di
nner?
9. I __________ catch the bus this mornin
g. My father drove me to school.
10. _________ you answer the phone?
11. When I was young, I ________ speak bet
ter English than now.
12. You look pale. You ______ go to a doctor.
13. You have been driving for ten hours. You
_________ be exhausted.
14. We __________ rent a car. My father will
lend us his.
15. I’m thristy. I think I ____ buy softdrink.
16. ____ you please pass me the salt ?
17. You ____ see the doctor.
18. ____ I open the window ? Is that okay with y

ou.
19. It’s going to rain. You ___ bring an umbrella.
20. Mr. Andi has a large house and three luxury c
ars. He ___ be rich
1. Can’t 17. Should
2. Must 18. Shall
3. Can 19. Should
4. Must 20. Must
5. A. Can
B. Can
6. Would
7. May
8. Would
9. Couldn’t
10. Can
11. Could
12. Should
13. Must
14. Won’t
15. Will
16. Could

Modals Auxiliary: Lecturer: Nurhayati Aritonang, MT BY: FERDYAN ADAM (19050724010) GITA RIZQI. H (19050724009)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modals Auxiliary: Lecturer: Nurhayati Aritonang, MT BY: FERDYAN ADAM (19050724010) GITA RIZQI. H (19050724009)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MODALS AUXILIARY

 LECTURER : NURHAYATI ARITONANG, MT

Department of Civil Engineering

can will must shall may

could would ought to should might

I am using cement for combination of making concrete.

 Past perfect continuous tense :

 Past Perfect Continuous Tense :

 You may come if you want.

The students may be studying about building structure today

The students might have been studying about building structure t

 Can you close the window? Sure I can.

＊ Be sure to use “can” and “will” for an affir

 You should not wear sandals and shorts to

17. You ____ see the doctor.

18. ____ I open the window ? Is that okay with y

You might also like