Highway and Railroad Engineering : Session 4

Session
Outline
 Session Outline
1. Horizontal Alignment Sample Problem(45 mins)
2. Health Break (5 mins)
3. Vertical Alignment( 40 mins)
Intended Learning
Outcome
 Intended Learning Outcomes

Analysis
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Identify the geometric design consideration for the

vertical alignment
2. Identify the geometric design consideration for the
horizontal alignment
Horizontal Alignment
 Example
Example

Horizontal Alignment
Sample Problem
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
Stationing
Specifies the relative position of any point along a
reference line:

• US Survey Foot – 1 station = 100.00’

• If I begin at 0.00’ and measure 200.00’ along

the reference line, I am at station 2+00.00
• If I measure an additional 45.67’ (total distance
of 245.67’), I will now be at station 2+45.67’
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
210.38’ ′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
1. To compute for PC stationing, solve for T and
¿2864.79′
  subtract it from P.I. Stationing:

= 210.38’
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume
210.38’
that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
62+17.08 and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
1. To compute for PC stationing, solve for T and
¿2864.79′
  subtract it from P.I. Stationing:
Note: 1 station = 100 feet

Calculate stationing:
PC = PI – T = (64+27.46)-(2+10.38)= 62+17.08
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
62+17.08 66+37.08 and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
2. To compute for PT stationing, solve for L and add it to
PC stationing:
¿2864.79′
 
) = 4+20.00

Computing for PT stationing:

PT=PC+L = (62 + 17.08) + (4 + 20.00) = 66 + 37.08
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
3. To calculate E:

¿2864.79′
 
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
3. To calculate E:

¿2864.79′
 
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
3. To calculate E:

¿2864.79′
 
 Example
Horizontal Alignment
Example
64+27.46  Assume that The station of the P.I. is 64+27.46.
′
¿8°24
  The radius of the curve is 2864.79’. Calculate PC
and PT stationing, and the external and middle
ordinate distances.
 Solution:
3. To calculate M:
R-M
¿2864.79′
 

Substitute:
 Example
Example

HEALTH BREAK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hso3oR8PJss
Vertical Alignment
 Example
Example

Vertical Alignment
Sample Problem
Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
 Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
Given that G1=2% and G2= -1%. Station of PVC and EVC is 20+00 and 30+00
respectively. Also, elevation of PVI is 608.00’. (a)Find the elevation of PVC, PVT, and
point x, (b)the location of highest point of this curve, (c) elevation of the highest point
of the curve
 Solution:
608.00’
1. (a1) To compute for elevation of PVC, it is
known that a 2% grade can be equivalently
x
98 ′ written as 2 ft/station (a 2 ft drop per 100 ft of
2% -1% horizontal distance.) Hence,

20+00 25+00 30+00

 Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
Given that G1=2% and G2= -1%. Station of PVC and EVC is 20+00 and 30+00
respectively. Also, elevation of PVI is 608.00’. (a)Find the elevation of PVC, PVT, and
point x, (b)the location of highest point of this curve, (c) elevation of the highest point
of the curve
 Solution:
608.00’
1. (a2)To compute for elevation of PVT, it is
known that a -1% grade can be equivalently
x
98
  603 ′ 𝑓𝑡
written as -1 ft/station (a -1 ft drop per 100 ft
2% -1% of horizontal distance.) Hence,

20+00 30+00
 Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
Given that G1=2% and G2= -1%. Station of PVC and EVC is 20+00 and 30+00
respectively. Also, elevation of PVI is 608.00’. (a)Find the elevation of PVC, PVT, and
point x, (b)the location of highest point of this curve, (c) elevation of the highest point
of the curve  Solution:

608.00’
1. (a3) To compute for elevation of point x, the ff.
formula derived from the general form of the
parabolic equation will be applied:
x
98
  ′
603 𝑓𝑡
-1%
where:
2%
x=horizontal distance of a point from PVC
= elev of the point with a distance x from PVC
20+00 30+00 = elev of PVC
=entering grade;
 Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
Given that G1=2% and G2= -1%. Station of PVC and EVC is 20+00 and 30+00
respectively. Also, elevation of PVI is 608.00’. (a)Find the elevation of PVC, PVT, and
point x, (b)the location of highest point of this curve, (c) elevation of the highest point
of the curve  Solution:

608.00’
1. (a3)
Computing for a:
(x=STA, G = %)
x
98
  ′
603 𝑓𝑡
-1%
Solving for :
2%

604.25’
20+00 30+00
 Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
Given that G1=2% and G2= -1%. Station of PVC and EVC is 20+00 and 30+00
respectively. Also, elevation of PVI is 608.00’. (a)Find the elevation of PVC, PVT, and
point x, (b)the location of highest point of this curve, (c) elevation of the highest point
of the curve  Solution:
2. To find location of highest point relative to PVC,
608.00’
Solve for :

x
98
  ′
603 𝑓𝑡
2% -1%

20+00 26.667 sta 30+00

 Vertical
Example
Alignment
Example
Given that G1=2% and G2= -1%. Station of PVC and EVC is 20+00 and 30+00
respectively. Also, elevation of PVI is 608.00’. (1)Find the elevation of PVC, PVT, and
point x, (2)the location of highest point of this curve, (3) elevation of the highest point
of the curve  Solution:
3. To find location of highest point relative to PVC,
608.00’

98
  603
′ 𝑓𝑡
604.67’
2% -1%

20+00 26.667 sta 30+00

 Exercise
Example
Example 2.1

A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of 3%

intersect at Sta. 10+100km whose elevation is at 14.375 m. The
two grades are to be connected by a parabolic curve, 150 m
long. Find the elevation of the first quarter point on the curve.