Landscape

Gate study material 2

Shalimar
SHALIMAR
Garden
in BAGH
Jammu & Lake Dal
Kashmir,
India

Martina Zahornacka
Aerial photo of Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir

3 Zenana Garden 4 Black Pavilion

2 Emperor’s Garden

1 Public Garden
Genius Loci

History
•Genius
Place ofLoci
annual summer
pilgrimage
•Mountains of Mughal emperors
of Himalayas form a
stunning, dramatic
• Conquered backdrop
by Akbar (Mahadeo
in 1586, who
with snowcap)
relaxed here after 6 weeks journey
•from Agra,
Height wentmetres
of 1,730 water-fowling
above sea on
level
creates ideal
Lake Dal, climate shaffron
watched to elevated
harvest
Jahangir’s
in autumn, asthma
calledinitsummer
his private
Lahore garden
•Lake Dal is shallow, edged with thick
beds of reeds, lotuses – floating
• His son Salim (Jahangir) inherited
gardens
an obsessive love for Kashmir and
•Constant torrent of water from hills
built no less than 700 superlative
supplies channel, pools and powers
gardens around Lake Dal, made his
fountain jets
permanent summer homes
Agra
Genius Loci
• Lush meadows, sound of water,
rivers, springs, lakes and rice
paddies dominated in the valley of
Kashmir – Jahangir calls it a garden
of eternal spring
• Abundance of water inspired the
layout of local gardens - narrow
watercourses were widened to
shallow canals and central axis
elongated, the heart of garden
shifted to the uphill end
 Zenana garden (Bagh-I-Faiz
Emperors garden (Bagh-I- Bakhsh):
Farah Bakhsh): • Upper terrace built by Jahangir
Public Garden:
• Middle terrace built by Shah in 1619-20
• The lowest terrace; now
Jahan around 1630
cut by road and shortened
Black marble pavilion
Hall of Private Entrance to (built by Shah Jahan)
Hall of Public Zenana
Canal leads Audience Audiance
(Diwan- i- (ladies’)
to Lake Dal (Diwan-i-Am) garden
Khas)
destroyed
FEATURES
Central channel:
• Central axis of the garden
• 6 meters wide
• Polished stone
• Cross-axial channel on the
uppermost terrace take on classical
Persian chahar bagh form
• Water from mountain stream
dammed up
• Square pools below pavilions recall
the broadening of rivers into lakes
Water jets and cascades:
• Gravitation
• Jets used to have solid plumes of
water
• Cascades of smooth sheet of water
falling from retaining walls
• Black pavilion is sourrounded by 3
cascades
• Now water runs only in spring
(deforestation lowered water table)
FEATURES
Pathways:
• Slightly offset from channel on both
sides
• Stepping stones to reach Diwan-I-
Am with a shaded marble throne of
emperor in the center of canal
above cascade
• Causeways to reach Diwan-I-Khas
• Narrow stones bridges among
fountains reach Black Pavilion
FEATURES - Planting design:
Originally: Now:
•1665 Francois • Regular avenues
of chinar trees
Bernier describes (Platanus
fruit trees, regular orientalis) 25
trellised walks, meters tall
surrounded by the shading the walks
and 19th century
large-leafed aspen bedding plants
(Populus
tremuloides) in • Irrigated
meadows in
interval of 2 feet charbaghs– grass,
•Cherry, apricot, flowers, fruit
trees in more
apple, plum informal way
•Meadows were
geometrical
FEATURES
Pavilions:
• Stone, marble, mortar
• Used the talar and ivan (arched talar)
• Originally flat-roofed
• Native wooden Kashmiri roofs were
added in later centuries
• Recesses (chini kanas) under cascades
are filled with flowers on special
occasions or oil lamps at night
NISHAT BAGH
• Nishat Bagh, also known
as the garden of joy, is a
terraced Mughal garden
sprawled along the
eastern side of the Dal
Lake, with the towering
Zabarwan hills as its
DAL LAKE backdrop, in the city of
Srinagar, Jammu &
Kashmir.

•  The second largest

Mughal garden in the
Kashmir Valley.

NISHAT BAGH
ELEMENTS
• TYPE - Mughal Garden
• AREA - 46 acres
• FOUNDED - 1619 AD
• OPENED - 1633 AD
• FOUNDER - Asif Khan

ELEMENTS :
• Rectilinear layouts
• Pools
• Fountains , Canals
• Raised Hillock
• Terraced style
• Trees and plants
• Pathways
• Pavillions
 ARCHITECTURE

• It has 12 terraces , representing the 12 zodiac

signs .

• Had similarities of Shalimar Bagh .

• Built in an east-west direction, the top terrace has the Zenana garden while the lowest terrace is
connected to the Dal Lake.

• The central canal, which runs through the garden from the top end, is 4 metres (13 ft) wide and
has a water depth of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).

•  The water flow from one terrace to the next is over stepped stone ramps that provide the
sparkle to the flow.
 ARCHITECTURE
• Every pool has multiple water-fountains lined-up in the centre, outlined by rows
of Chinar trees and walk-ways running in tandem with the pool.
• The source of water is the central water-canal ‘Shah Nahar’, fed as it is by a mile
long canal drawing water from the Dal Lake. 

Second Terrace
FOUNTAIN
 12 TERRACES
Different Terrace
levels
View of sixth , seventh & Eighth Terrace
• The first terrace is a water collection chamber that is also linked to the side flow from the garden.

• The second terrace is accessed through a gate. This terrace has five fountains that is supplied water
from the third terrace, from where it flowed to the lowest terrace.

• The third terrace has a different design. The water chute has five arched open niches in the front and
similar niches on the sides. A pavilion Baradari, a two-storied structure, Stairways .

• The fourth terrace has two levels namely, a water channel and a square pool. Stairways with 7 steps
lead to the fifth terrace.

• The fifth terrace where a stone bench is provided across the channel to enjoy the scenic beauty. This
also has a square chamber with five fountains.

• The sixth terrace is at two levels with five fountains and distinctive paving pattern.
• The eighth terrace is only a water channel or chute.

• The ninth terrace, at the end of two stairways, there is an octagonal bench. The pool
in this terrace has nine fountains.

• The tenth terrace the stairways are along the side retaining walls where only the
water chute with fountains is provided.

• Eleventh Terrace - Engraved paths lead to an impressive eleventh terrace, which has
twenty five fountains in a pool. Up from this dramatic terrace is the last one.
• The Zenana chamber, the twelfth terrace, is covered in the front by 5.5 metres (18 ft)
high wall with a façade of blind arches. Only one arch in this blind facade provides an
opening to the twelfth terrace.

Slope made of stone , gives a gentle

flow of water between terraces
 DESIGN ELEMENT

Small cascade – passage for

water flow between terraces.
Chinar trees imported by Cypress trees main element of
Mughals from Persia to design in the Garden
India .

Fountains and Pathways

bioswale
bioswale
bioswale
Slope treatment
idea for zonasa
Arbour vs pergola
The terms ‘arbor’ and ‘pergola’ are often
used to describe the same sort of backyard
structure. Whilst they do look very similar to
each other, it is important to keep in mind
that they are actually different and that they
are erected for very different purposes. So,
what are differences between an arbor and
a pergola, and how can we immediately spot
these distinctions?
 
An arbor is a freestanding structure with
supports on either side and across the top,
which are often formed with lattice. It is
often erected over a walkway or
entranceway to a garden. A pergola, on the
other hand, is a freestanding structure that
features a slatted roof that is supported by
four posts (one at either corner). It is often
erected as an outdoor entertaining area.
Loggia- a gallery or room with one or more open sides, especially one that forms part of a house and has
one side open to the garden.
gazebo
Balance Between Nature, Earth,
Air, Water