ICT

Information in Communication Technology

 DATANo
Chapter &1
INFORMATION
 YouTube/Computer IT

What is Computer?
 A Computer is an electronic device which take an input “data”
Process on that and gives output “information”
 Is an electronic machine which convert data into information
 A computer is an electronic device that:
 Accepts input (data),
 Processes (data)
 Stores (information),
 Produces output (information).
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 3
 YouTube/Computer IT
Data
 The word Data is take from Latin word Datum
Data is plural form of datum
 The collection of fact and figures OR any thing in raw form in called data.

– Raw facts & Figures

– Cant be used for decision making.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 4

 Types of Data YouTube/Computer IT

There are different types of data:

i. Alphabetic Data: Consist of Alphabet A-Z, a-b.
Ex: Peshawar, Ahmad……..
ii. Numeric Data: Consist of numbers 0-9.
Ex: 45466,65454……….
iii. Alphanumeric Data: Consist of Alphabets and also Numbers.
Ex: Street No24, House # 532…….
iv. Graphic Data: Consist of Tables, Charts, Graphics and
Statements.
v. Audio Data: Consist of only sounds.
vi. Video Data: Consist of Photos, Images, Moving pics.
vii. Mixed Data: Consist of more than one type of data.
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 5
 YouTube/Computer IT
Information
 The organized form of data in meaningful form upon which
people can take decision is called information.
 The processed form of data is called information.

– Meaning full.
– Can be used for decision making.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 6


Difference between Data & Information
Data
1. Raw Fact and Figure
2. Meaningless
3. Cannot be used for decision making.
4. As Input to computer
5. Data is normally huge in its volume
6. Data is used rarely
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER
YouTube/Computer IT
Information
1. The process form of data
2. Meaningful
3. Can be used for decision making
4. As Output from Computer
5. Information is normally short in volume
6. Information is used frequently
7
 Data Processing Cycle YouTube/Computer IT
Computer System
Data Information
Processing

2+2 2+2= 4

 Data processing life cycle is collection of steps that converts data in to

information, the steps are as following:
■Input: in this step data is collected and given to the computer for
processing.
■Process: in this step computer process data to generate information.
■Output: in this step the information is given to user as output for their
required purpose.
■Storage: in this step the given information is stored in the computer
for future use.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 8

 YouTube/Computer IT
Data Processing System
The system that process data and produce information is called data
processing system.

Computer System
Data Information
Processing

Storage

Types of Data Processing system:

1) Manual Data Processing.
2) Electronic Data Processing (Computer Based Data Processing).

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 9

 YouTube/Computer IT
Manual Data Processing System
Also called Traditional Data processing system.
The Data is manually transferred to information by humans.
The humans being themselves collect data, arrange the data, perform
manual calculation, and produce the required out put.
It is very simple and inexpensive but can be full of mistakes.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 10

 Electronic Data Processing System YouTube/Computer IT
Also called Computer Based Data processing system.
It uses computer and their hardware's, software's for processing data.
The data processed by computer will be 100% accurate.
Text can be Edit , remove , Format and insert

545344343434
785675645345
905204224523 (105346342342756)
674534562211
245845645735
934423245141

(?)
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 11
 WHAT IS
Chapter No 2

COMPUTER?
BY | SIFATULLAH
“HASHIR”
 YouTube/Computer IT

Introduction to Computer
The Word Computer is taken from Latin Word “Compute” which
means to calculate.
A Computer is an electronic device that accepts input data and instructions
with help of input device, store them until needed processes it and then
produced the output as the result with the help of output devices
Computer is compose of CPU, Input Devices, Output Devices, Storage
Devices & Communication Devices.
CPU is the Main Component of the Computer that Interpret and Execute the
Instructions.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 13

 YouTube/Computer IT

History Of Computing
The term computing device is used for all machines that can
perform calculation.
Early Computing Devices
- The abacus which was developed in Asia 5000 Years ago and
this machine is still using , maybe consider the first computer.
- In the Year 1694 a German Mathematician and philosopher,
Gottfried wilhem Von Leibniz Created a computing
machine that could add, subtract & multiply

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 14

 YouTube/Computer IT

History Of Computing
- In the year 1822 the English Professor of mathematics, Charles
Babbage developed a machine differential equation called
Difference Engine.
- After working for 10 year Charles Babbage suddenly inspire
and begin work first general Purpose Computer, which was
called Analytical Engine.
- 1889 American Inventor developed Tabulating Machine, and
its tasks was to find faster way to compute.
- Vannevar Bush developed Calculator in the year 1931 that
solved all complex differentials.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 15

 YouTube/Computer IT

History Of Computing
- In the year 1941 a German Engineer Konrad Zuse had
developed a computer the Z3.
- 1944 the IBM Produced Mark I electronic Calculator, perform
basic and complex Calculation.
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Developed by John Presper & John W.Mauchly, Speed was
1000 times faster than Mark I
- Von Neumann designed the electronic discrete Variable
Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945
- 1951 the UNIVAC-I Universal Automatic Computer
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 16
 YouTube/Computer IT
History Of Computing
1. Charles Babbage is the Father of Computer
2. 1842 Charles Babbage (Calculating Machine)
3. 1890 Punch Card ( Use as a storage devices)
4. 1942 ABC Computer (John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry)
5. 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
6. 1958 The integrated Circuit also called chip
7. 1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory (RAM)

153 years ago

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 17

 YouTube/Computer IT
History Of Computing
8. 1971 Intel 4004 computer Microprocessor
9. 1971 Floppy Disk (IBM)
10.1973 The Ethernet Computer Networking
11.1981 IBM introduce the first Home Computer (PC)
12.1983 Apple Lisa Computer (The first GUI Computer)
13.1984 Macintosh GUI Computer (Home Edition)
14.1995 Pentium Computer
15.1998 USB (Universal Serial Bus) Flash Drive
16.2006 Intel Core 2 Duo
17.2010 Core i3, i5, i7
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 18
 YouTube/Computer IT

Types of Computer
■ According to Work
– Digital
– Analog
– Hybrid

■ According to Size
– Super Computer
– Mainframe Computer
– Mini Computer
– Micro Computer

■ According to Purpose
– General Purpose Computer
– Special Purpose Computer

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 19

 YouTube/Computer IT

Digital Computer
Is a Computer which can work on Digital Data.
The input data is represented by numbers. These are used for
the logical and arithmetic operations.
 based on digit.
 0,1 (0 for off,1 for on).
 Show result in digit form.
 high speed.
Example:
PC,IBM series ,PDA, laptop, handheld, smartphone…..

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 20

 YouTube/Computer IT
Analog Computer
The Computers which provide us the information in continuous
form are called.
- Process it and give the result in analog form.
- The output is usually on a graph
- The input data is not a number it is in a physical quantity like
temperature, pressure, speed, etc.
 Limited memory.
 Used for specific work.
 High speed system.
 Used in the field of science and engineering.
Example
– Speedometer in a car, Analog clock. Ohmmeter

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 21

 YouTube/Computer IT
Hybrid Computer
Is the computer which can work on both type of data, it can works on
digital data and can be work on analog data.

• Feature of analog and digital.

• Combination of analog and digital.
• Represent data in analog and digital.
• Very high speed.
• These computer consist of Convertors which change analog
• data into digital and digital into analog.
• Robots and laboratory.
• Use in Hospital ICU , Scientific Laboratories, Used in Petrol Pump.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 22

 YouTube/Computer IT

Types of Computer According to Size

According to Size Computer has Four Types
1. Super Computer.
2. Mainframe Computer.
3. Mini Computer.
4. Micro Computer (PC).

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 23

 YouTube/Computer IT

Super Computers
Super Computers are the most Powerful and most expensive
Computer design for the scientific, engineering and business
applications.
- This computer can process a billion of instructions per second
- Usage includes weather forecasting, weapon research, stock
analysis, automobile Design, Movies special effects.
- High computing speed and high memory capacity for storing
data, faster primary memory and faster secondary memory

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 24

 YouTube/Computer IT

Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computers are the second powerful computer and
expensive after super computer.
■ Mainframe computers are used by large organizations for critical
applications
■ These computer has powerful processor and large memories to process
large amount of data at very high speed.
■ These computer used as super-server for large client server networks.
■ Mainly these are used by Airline companies, Government Departments,
Bank and insurance companies. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is the
example of it.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 25

 YouTube/Computer IT

Mini-Computers
It is Also Called Mid-range Computer are similar to Mainframes, they are
used by business and government to process large amounts of information.
- Minicomputers are mainly multi-users systems where more than one user

can work simultaneously.

- Or we can say that mini computer is multiprocessing system

- Minicomputers are used for scientific and engineering computations,

business-transaction processing, file handling, and database management,
and are often now referred to as small or midsize servers.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 26

 YouTube/Computer IT

Micro Computer
Also known as PC’s, are smaller and less powerful than the others. They are
used in homes, schools, and small businesses. These computer were
designed only for individual users, but nowadays these computer become
very powerful and can be used anywhere and can serve more than one user.
Micro Computer by itself has different types
• Desktop Computers
• Laptop Computers / Notebook Computer
• Handheld computers

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 27

 YouTube/Computer IT

Types of Computer According to Purpose

General Purpose Computer
- The Computer which is used generally any where

Special Purpose Computer

- The computer which is used for special task

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 28

 Pictures YouTube/Computer IT

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 29

 Generation of Computer YouTube/Computer IT

Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers

Generation 2: Transistor Computers
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: Microprocessors
Generation 5: Artificial Intelligence

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 30

 YouTube/Computer IT

First Generation of Computers (1940-1956)

■ The first computers used vacuum tubes as a processing device and
magnetic drums as a storage device.
■ Due to the use of vacuum tubes, the size of computers of this generation
was large and need to entire room for adjustment. There are many features
of first generation computers such as
 Large
 Expensive
 Consume electricity
 Less Speed
 Solve one problem at a time
Ex: UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer)
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 31

 YouTube/Computer IT
Second Generation Computer (1956-1963)
 The Computer of this generation used the transistors as processing device
instead of vacuum tubes.
 The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic
energy industry.
 It was less expensive then the first generation computer.
 It produce less heat then the first generation computer
 High-level programming languages were also being developed
at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
Small in size as compare to vacuum tubes
Less Expensive
Consume less electricity as compared to vacuum tubes
Accuracy and speed high as compare to vacuum tubes

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 32

 YouTube/Computer IT

Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)

■ The computer of this generation used the Integrated Circuits (IC) as a processing
device instead of transistors.
■ Transistors were placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors.
■ Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.
■ Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

– Small compare to second generation

– Less Expensive & Accurate
– Speed become high
– less electricity

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 33

 YouTube/Computer IT

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-

present)
■ The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
■ The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1981, located all the components of
the computer.
■ From the central processing unit and memory to input/output control so
a single chip.
■ Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and handheld devices.
■ IBM Introduce the first home edition computer
 Small in size fit in the palm of hand
 High speed and accuracy due to microprocessor
 Easy to assemble due to different devices like Mouse, Keyboard etc.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 34

 YouTube/Computer IT

Fifth generation computers present and beyond

■ Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.
■ Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition.
■ The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that act as human
and are capable of learning and self-organization.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 35

 YouTube/Computer IT
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
The use of computer was not so common several years ago as it is today.
The following are advantage s/important of computer
1. Speed: Computer works at a very high speed and are much faster than humans.
A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second. The time
used by a computer to perform an operation is called the processing
speed. Computer speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz)
2. Storage: A computer can store large amount of data permanently user can use
this data at any time.
3.Processing: A computer can process the given instruction. It can perform
different type of processing like addition, subtract, division etc.
4. Accuracy Accuracy means to provide result without any error. Computer can
process large amount of data and generate accurate result.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 36

 YouTube/Computer IT

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
5.Communication:-Most computers today have the capability of
communicating with other computer. We can connect two or more computer
by communication device such as modem, NIC card (Network Interface Card).
6.Versatile:- A computer can perform different type of task. We can use
computer in hospital, bank. Office or at home etc.
7.Cost reduction We can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost.
For example we have hire many people to handle an office. The same work can
be performed by a single person.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 37

 Chapter No 3
COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER?
BY | SIFATULLAH
“HASHIR”
 YouTube/Computer IT
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Input Devices
Communication from the user to the computer.
Ex. Keyboard, Mouse).
 Output Devices
Communication from the computer to the user
Ex. monitor, printer, speakers.
 Memory
Store the data & Programs
Processor (CPU)
Runs program instructions.
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 39
 YouTube/Computer IT
HOW CPU WORKS
RAM
Central Processing Unit (CPU) 010101010
010100000
010101010
 Fetch 110101001


Decode
Execute
CU ALU 010101010
010101010
010101010 CU = Control Unit

010101010 ALU = Arithmetic Logic Unit
Store 010101010
010101010 MU = Memory Unit
010101010
010101010
Level 1 Level 2 010101010
010101010
010101010
010101010

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 40

 YouTube/Computer IT

Input & Output Devices System Unit

Output device

Output device

Output device

Input device

Input device

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 41

 YouTube/Computer IT
Input Devices
 Devices through which we enter data into computer.
 Convert data and instructions into electronic form for input into
the computer.
■ Keyboard
■ Mouse
■ Bar Code Reader
■ Scanner
■ Web Camera
■ Microphone, Joystick, Game pad

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 42

 YouTube/Computer IT
Keyboard
An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special function
keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.
 Allow data entry into a computer system by passing a set
of keys.
 Normal Keyboard has 101 buttons
 QWERTY Keyboard is most popular which has 101
buttons.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER

 YouTube/Computer IT
Different Types of Button
 Alphabetic keys (A to Z)
 Numeric Keys (0 to 9)
 Function Keys (F1 to F12)
 Special Keys (Alt, Ctrl, Space, Enter, Backspace, Esc) etc.
 Punctuation keys (Full stop, Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Quotation) etc.
 Arrow Keys Cursor Control, Games, Volume Increase and
Decrease buttons

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 44

 YouTube/Computer IT

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 45

 YouTube/Computer IT
Mouse
- Mouse is a pointing device
- A small handheld device which is moved across a flat surface to move the
cursor on a computer screen.

Types of Mouse
 Trackball Mouse
 Mechanical Mouse
 Optical Mouse
 Wireless Mouse

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER

 YouTube/Computer IT
Joystick
 Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor
position on a monitor screen. The function of Joystick is similar
to that of a mouse.
 In computers, a joystick is a cursor control device used
in computer games.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 47

 YouTube/Computer IT
Scanner
 Scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine.
It is used when some information is available on a paper and it is to be
transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into
the digital form that can be stored on the disk.
Scanner is a light sensitive device that helps you copy or capture images,
photos, on paper.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 48

 YouTube/Computer IT
Microphones
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in
digital form. The microphone is used for the various applications
like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing
music.

 
Microphones are used to input audio
Two main types of microphones are
                 

             

- Desktop microphones
- Headsets

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 49

 YouTube/Computer IT
Web Cams
Web cam is like a video camera on home computer that allow the user to see
people at the same time they communicate on the internet. It can also be used
to create a movie and take digital photographs.
It is also called PC Cameras.

Web cam is a video camera that can be used to take images for uploading
to the Web

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 50

 YouTube/Computer IT
Track Ball
Track ball is an input devices that is mostly used in a
notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. A
trackball comes a various shapes like a ball, a button and
square.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 51

 YouTube/Computer IT

Light Pen
Light Pen is a pointing device which is similar to a
pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 52

 YouTube/Computer IT
Output Devices
Output devices: Take information within your computer and present
it to you in a form that you can understand.
Main output devices
– Monitors
– Printers
– Speakers

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 53

 YouTube/Computer IT
Monitor
A TV-like device that is used by the Computer for displaying the
information to the outside world is known as CRT or more simply
a Computer Screen. The Monitor mainly consists of glass cone,
which uses special electron guns to hit the Screen from back
towards the cone and thus producing text or graphs with various
colors. Monitors/Screens can be selected on the basis of user
requirements. The different types of Monitors are the following.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 54

 YouTube/Computer IT
Monitors
■ CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube)
■ Flat-panel displays
– LCD (liquid crystal display)
– LED (light emitting diodes)

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 55

 YouTube/Computer IT

Printer & Its Type

Printer is an output device that prints character, symbols, and
graphics on paper. The printed output is called hard copy.
1- Impact
2- Non-impact
IMPACT PRINTER Impact printer works like a typewriter. It prints
character or images by striking a print hammer or wheel against an
inked ribbon. Impact printers are the following
- Dot Matrix Printer
- Daisy-Wheel Printer

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 56

 YouTube/Computer IT

Printer & Its Type

Non-Impact Printer
Non-impact printer produces character without striking devices on
paper. They are much quieter than impact printer. The following are
the non-impact printer.

- Laser Printer: The most expansive and quality bearer printers are the
Laser printers, which produce high-quality printout
and are used for desktop publishing and graphics.
- Inkjet Printer: It prints character and graphics by spraying tins drops
of liquid, ink on paper.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 57

 YouTube/Computer IT

Printers

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 58

 YouTube/Computer IT
Speakers
 A speaker is a device that produces computer output as sound.
 Speakers are common devices in computer systems Examples include:
 Built-in speaker

 
 Two-device set speakers
 Surround sound speakers                  

             

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 59

STORAGE
Chapter No 4

DEVICES?
BY | SIFATULLAH
“HASHIR”
 YouTube/Computer IT
Storage Devices (Memory)
Bits 0 or 1
Bytes Groups of 8 bits Petabyte(PB) = 1024(TB) (250 bytes)
Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes (220 Exa Byte (EB) = 1024(PB) (260 bytes)
bytes)
Zetta Byte (ZB) = 1024(EB)(270 bytes)
Megabyte (MB) = 1024(KB) (220 bytes)
Yotta Byte (YB) = 1024(ZB) (280
Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 (MB) (230 bytes)
bytes)
Bronta Byte (BB) =1024(YB) (290 bytes)
Terabyte (TB) = 1024 (GB) (240 bytes)

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 61

 YouTube/Computer IT
Storage Devices
Volatile Memory
Is the type of Storage whose contents are erased when the
system is power is turned off.
Non-Volatile Memory
Is the type of storage whose contents are not erased when the
system’s power is turned off.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 62

 Memory

Primary Memory

63
 Memory Types YouTube/Computer IT

Primary Memory
 Also called internal memory.
 online to the processor.
 composed of RAM and ROM.
Secondary Memory
 Also called external memory (store).
 Also called auxiliary or mass memory.
 Store data permanently.
 Offline to the processor.
Ex: Hard disk, floppy disk, magmatic tape.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 64

 Primary Memory YouTube/Computer IT

 The memory or storage device which is used to hold the

data or instructions for booting or other operation of
microprocessor is called primary storage.
 It is also known as main memory.
 There are two types of main Memory
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 65

 Types of Primary Memory YouTube/Computer IT

RAM store data temporary.

 RAM - Random Access Memory
 Read/Write Memory
 Volatile
 Lost all the contents when power is off.

ROM store data permanent.

 ROM - Read Only Memory
 Non-volatile (remain its content when power is on)
 Data will not disappear when power is off

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 66

 YouTube/Computer IT

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Static Ram (SRAM)
 In static RAM data is not refreshed
periodically. In modern computer this
form of Ram is used as cache Memory.
 SRAM is more Expensive Compare to
DRAM
 Faster
 Less power
 Complex structure 6 transistor
to refresh a single bit.
Dynamic Ram (DRAM)
 In Dynamic RAM, data is refreshed
periodically. The important features are
 DRAM is less expensive as compare to
SRAM.
 Slower
 Power needed
 Simple Structure because it need only 1
transistor and 1 capacitor to refresh a single
bit.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 67

 YouTube/Computer IT

ROM (Read Only

Memory)
ROM stores data permanently that it can not erase or change. So,
ROM is pre-loaded with read only data and CPU can only read
from it.

TYPES OF ROM
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 68

 YouTube/Computer IT
PROM
Programmable Read Only Memory

 This type of ROM can be programmed only once and with the
use of special equipment.
 Non-volatile.
 Once the information can store into PROM can not be change
 Just can be read

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 69

 YouTube/Computer IT
EPROM
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

 This type of ROM can be programmed many time after passing

through erasing process. The data of this can be erased with the help
of Ultraviolet light (it takes 10 minutes for erasing).
 Non volatile.
 Erasable.
 More expensive then PROM.
 Advantage of multiple update capability.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 70

 EEPROM YouTube/Computer IT

Electrically Erasable & Programable Read Only Memory

 Like EPROM this type of Rom can be also programmed many

times after passing through erasable process. The data can
erase through software
 Non-volatile.
 Flexibility of being updateable.
 More expensive w.r.t EPROM.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 71

 YouTube/Computer IT
Secondary Memory
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Desk
Optical Desk
Flash Memory

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 72

 Secondary Memory YouTube/Computer IT

The devices of a computer that store information such as software and

data permanently are called secondary storage.
Secondary memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and
solid state drives. It may also refer to removable storage media, such as
USB flash drives, CDs, and DVDs. Unlike primary memory, secondary
memory is not accessed directly by the CPU It is also called.
■ External Memory or Auxiliary Memory.
■ It is a non-volatile memory that hold data until delete it or
overwritten
Ex: Hard Disk, Memory Card, USB, DVD, CD

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 73

 YouTube/Computer IT

Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin,
magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. It was
developed in Germany in 1928, based on magnetic wire recording.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 74

 YouTube/Computer IT
Magnetic Disk
The magnetic Disk is made up of one or more rotating platters, on
which data is stored magnetically. It is made up of plastic, coated on
both sides with a special magnetic object that is iron oxide.
There are two main types of magnetic Disks
 Floppy Disk: It is a removable plastic Disk. It is not fixed in the
computer.
 Hard Disk: It made up of one or more rotating Platter, which is
encoded with magnetically object that is iron oxide.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 75

 YouTube/Computer IT
OPTICAL DISK STORAGE
An optical disc is an electronic data storage medium that can be
written to and read from using a low-powered laser beam.
Originally developed in the late 1960s, the first optical disc, created
by James T. Russell.
 CD is stand for Compact Disk
 A CD can store up to 840 megabytes of data.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 76

 YouTube/Computer IT
OPTICAL DISK STORAGE
 However erasable optical disk system are also available (CD-RW)
CD-RW provides full rewritable capability This technology record and
erases data by using a laser to heat a microscopic point of the disk
surface.
 CD-ROM: Its content can not be erased by the user.
 CD-R: Its content can be written only once.
 CD-RW: It contents can be written on, read and erased several times.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 77

 YouTube/Computer IT
OPTICAL DISK STORAGE
DVD (Digital Versatile/Video Disk)
It provide a large amount of data and transferring high speed (12mbps).
TYPES OF DVD ROM
 DVD ROM: Its contents can not be written on or erased by the user
 DVD-R: Its Content can be written once.
 DVD-RW: Its content can be rewrite again and again up to 1000 time
before it is used up.
 DVD- RAM: It has higher data security and storage capacities and can
support 100,000 rewrites.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 78

 YouTube/Computer IT
OPTICAL DISK STORAGE
BRD (Blu Ray Disk)
It provide a large amount of data and transferring high speed (36mbps).
Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was
designed to supersede the DVD format, and is capable of storing several hours
of video in high-definition. Its capacity storage is from 25 to 50 GB
HVD (Holographic Versatile Disk)
The Holographic Versatile Disc is an optical disc technology developed between April
2004 and mid-2008 that can store up to several terabytes of data on an optical disc. Its
Capacity Storage is up to 6TB.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 79

 YouTube/Computer IT
Flash Memory
Flash memory is a non-volatile memory chip used for storage and for
transferring data between a personal computer (PC) and digital devices.
It has the ability to be electronically reprogrammed and erased. It is
often found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and
solid-state drives.
o USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)
o MEMORY CARD
 Uses an electrically erasing technology.
 Whole flash memory can be erased in one or few second.
 Much faster then EPROM.
 Uses one transistor per bit.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 80

 WHAT IS
Chapter No 5

SOFTWARE?
BY | SIFATULLAH
“HASHIR”
 What is a software YouTube/Computer IT

 A computer program or(set of instruction) that tells the

computer how to perform a particular tasks.
 Software is set of instructions that direct the computer what to
do and how to do. It turns the data into information that makes
computer a useful machine.
 Software is the collection of programs which perform a
specific task
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1) SYSTEM SOFTWARE
2) APPLICATION SOFTWARE

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 82

 YouTube/Computer IT
System Software
 Operating System is the software that manages the overall
operation of the computer system.
 Those software's which run the hardware

 Main purpose is to support application programs.

 Interact directly with hardware.

 Hide details of devices from application programs.

 Communicate with and controls the operation of peripheral devices.

 Some operating system are windows, DOS, Linux etc.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 83

 YouTube/Computer IT
Types of System Software
1. Operating System: Is the set of Programs that manages and
coordinates the hardware of a computer and provides services
to applications software's. With out operating system
computer can not do anything. Ex: Windows XP, Vista, Mac, 7,
8, 10, Linux.
2. Device Driver: A device driver is a program that control a
particular type of device that is attached to the computer.
Without driver, a hardware device would not be able to work
with the computer. There are device drivers for printers,
monitors, CD-ROM drivers.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 84

 YouTube/Computer IT
Types of System Software
3. Utility Software: Utility software is the kind of system
software designed to analyze, configure, optimize and
maintain the computer. A single piece of utility software is
usually called a utility or tools. Utility software usually focuses
on how the computer infrastructure operate. Ex: Disk Cleaner,
Antivirus, Backup, Disk Defragmentation.
4. Language processor: Language processor or translator is a
type of system software that translates a source program into
object program (machine Language).

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 85

 YouTube/Computer IT

Language Translators
Converts assembly and high-level language into machine language. Such
that 0 and 1 form.

 Assembler
Converts Assembly Language code into binary code or Machine code
Ex: MOV B,M
 Compiler
Converts a high-level language code into binary code or we can say machine code.
 Interpreter
Work same as compiler but Interpreter Converts and executes one instruction at a
time.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 86

 Application Software YouTube/Computer IT

Is the type of software that can be used for a variety of takes. It is

not limited to one particular functions. It helps to solve problems in
the real world. Ex: MS Office, Photoshop, Accounting software.
There are two types of Application Software
01. General Purpose: The software programs that perform
common information processing jobs for end users.
Ex: Educational Software, Entertainment Software
02. Special Purpose: The software that is designed to perform a
special task is known as special purpose software.
Ex: Database software

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 87

 What is Computer Virus YouTube/Computer IT

A computer virus is a malicious program that self-replicates by

copying itself to another program. In other words, the
computer virus spreads by itself into other executable code or
documents. The purpose of creating a computer virus is to
infect vulnerable systems, gain admin control and steal user
sensitive data. Hackers design computer viruses with
malicious intent and prey on online users by tricking them.
- It is design to be non-detected

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 88

 YouTube/Computer IT
Types of Viruses
Hoax Virus

Direct Action Virus

Boot Sector Virus

Viruses
Chernobyl Virus

Logic Bomb Virus

RedLof Virus

Trojan Horse
Virus

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 89

 YouTube/Computer IT
Virus Hoax
Is the type of Virus which can give you a warning through
email which is fake.
It does not exist in the reality & mis lead the user through
that message. It gives you a message like that your data is
going to be destroyed and follow that whatever I say and
the user follow the steps and lost all the personal data.
Ex: Going to website or delete some files from
windows.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 90

 YouTube/Computer IT
Direct Action Virus
Direct Action Virus: This is also called non-resident virus,
it gets installed or stays hidden in the computer memory.
It stays attached to the specific type of files that it infect.
It does not affect the user experience and system’s
performance.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 91

 YouTube/Computer IT
Boot Sector Virus
 Attack on Boot Sector Section
 Boot Sector Virus modifies the boot sector
 The first sector which contain the instructions to automatically
load to Operating system in memory
 Program and is loaded in the computer memory whenever
the computer is turned on.
 The virus is attached with the system executable files.
i.e. .exe, .com .dll files (dynamic link library).

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 92

 Chernobyl Virus YouTube/Computer IT

1) It delete all the Microsoft files.

The most usable software in the world is MS Office
2) It also delete the partition information from the desk.
3) User Can not access the files from the disk because of this virus

Logic Bomb
1) It is the virus that is activated on the basis of a logical condition.

Ex: Time completion, Task Completion

2) The virus instruction is executed if the logical condition is true.
3) It is activated on a certain time & date (Time Bomb Virus).
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 93
 YouTube/Computer IT

RedLof Virus
1) The Polymorphic virus written in VB Script. It infect the folder
.htt file which is the part of windows active desktop.
2) It appends itself to other infected files on the hard disk &
causes destruction.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 94

 Trojan Horse YouTube/Computer IT

1) It is a part of same computer program

Ex: Destructive instruction inside the game programs
2) When the infected program (game) run on the system then
this virus this virus is activated.
An example of Trojan hose is FORMAT C instruction which is
executed with the execution of game.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 95

 Chapter No 6
INTRODUCTION TO
WORD PROCESSING ,
SPREADSHEET &
DATABASE
BY | SIFATULLAH
“HASHIR”
 WORD PROCESSING YouTube/Computer IT

A word processor is a device or computer program that provides for

input, editing, formatting and output of text, often with some additional
features. Early word processors were stand-alone devices dedicated to
the function, but current word processors are word processor programs
running.
Advantages of word processors 
1) It is faster and easier than writing by hand.
2) You can store documents on your computer, which you cannot do on a typewriter. ...
3) There are more formatting choices with a word processor 
(the spelling, grammar and language tools).

4) You can print copies of your documents' on general purpose computers.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 97

 SPREADSHEET YouTube/Computer IT

A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization, analysis and

storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets were developed as
computerized analogs of paper accounting worksheets. The program
operates on data entered in cells of a table.
- Data in spreadsheet is arrange in cells, formed by a sequential
intersection of rows and columns in tabular form.
- The three most common general uses for spreadsheet software are to
create budgets, produce graphs and charts, and for storing and sorting
data. Within business spreadsheet software is used to forecast future
performance, calculate tax, completing basic payroll, producing charts
and calculating revenues.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 98

 DATABASE YouTube/Computer IT

A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be

easily accessed, managed and updated.
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,
typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually
controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Together, the data
and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them,
are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 99

 Chapter No 6
WHAT IS CAD &
CAM?
BY | SIFATULLAH
“HASHIR”
 CAD (Computer Aided Design) YouTube/Computer IT

Computer aided Drafting: Is the process of preparing a drawing of an object

on the screen of computer.
Computer Aided Design is the integration of the computer and graphics to aid in
the areas of design of drafting. Computer aided design and drafting software are
design for mechanical designer and draftsmen, but also for the other field.
Architectural firms used for of CAD. Use of CAD Architecture can draw
different design like room plan and different structural model. Computer Aided
design, or simply CAD by definition is combination of hardware and software
components providing the tool of planning and designing and modeling.
MCAD (Mechanical CAD)
AEC (Architecture Engineering and Construction)
GIS (Geographical Information System)

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 101

 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) YouTube/Computer IT

CAM refer to the use of computer to assist in all operation of a

manufacturing, plant including plaining ,management,
transportation and storage.
Today a single computer can control banks of robotics milling
machine, lathes and welding machine and other tools. The use
of computer to control the factory machines is the
manufacturing process is called computer Aided
Manufacturing.
CAM Software: CREO, DELL CAM, MASTER CAM.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 102

 ROBOTICS YouTube/Computer IT

Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use

of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory
feedback, and information processing. These technologies are used to
develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human
actions
This technology produces computer-based machines which have
computer based intelligence and computer control human like
capabilities.
Most robots are unintelligent they programmed to do specific
tasks. An unintelligent robot cannot respond to a situation for
which it has not been specifically programmed.
+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 103
 ROBOTICS YouTube/Computer IT

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 104

 EXPERT SYSTEM YouTube/Computer IT

A piece of software which use database of expert knowledge to offer

advice or make decision in such areas as medical diagnosis, account,
coding and games etc.
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that
emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert
systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through
bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than
through conventional procedural code.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 105

 Computer Crimes
YouTube/Computer IT

Computer crime is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes

referred to as a hacker that illegally browses or steals a company's or individual's
private information. In some cases, this person or group of individuals may be
malicious and destroy or otherwise corrupt the computer or data files.
Hacking generally refers to unauthorized intrusion into a computer or a network. The
person engaged in hacking activities is known as a hacker. This hacker may alter
system or security features to accomplish a goal that differs from the original purpose
of the system.
■ Black hat hacker.
■ White hat hacker.
■ Grey hat hacker.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 106

 Computer Crimes
YouTube/Computer IT

Kevin David Mitnick

Kevin David Mitnick (born August 6,
1963) is an American computer security
consultant, author, and convicted hacker,
best known for his high-profile 1995 arrest
and five years in prison for various
computer and communications-related
crimes.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 107

 Computer Crimes
YouTube/Computer IT

Cracker
A cracker is someone who breaks into someone
else's computer system, often on a network; bypasses
passwords or licenses in computer programs; or in other
ways intentionally breaches computer security.
Crackers, also known as "malicious hackers" and "black-
hat hackers", are different because although they have the same
skills as a hacker, they use their power to commit criminal acts. For
example, crackers can send viruses, steal personal information and
commit other crimes using just their skills and a home computer.

+923159472487 CIT2020 COMPUTER 108