Limit of a Function

lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )
 

𝑥→ 𝑎
 Calculus and Limits
O Calculus is called the Mathematics of
Change.
O Limits are the backbone of calculus.
Limit in your own words?
O Situation:
Imagine that you are going to watch a
basketball game.
 Function
O A function is a graphing of A to B such that
every element of A corresponds to element in
B. Where A and B are sets of real numbers.
 Limit in the Functions
O Study the behavior of the function as its
variable approaches a particular value (a
constant).
 Limit of a Function
O Consider a function f of a single variable x.
Consider a constant c which the variable x will
approach (c may or may not be in the domain
of f).
O The limit, to be denoted by L, is the unique
real value that f(x) will approach as x
approaches c.
 Limit of a Function
O  In symbols, we write this process as

This is read, ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c

is L.”
To illustrate, Let’s us consider
O 
Graph it! Dina Mag chika
O 
Another, Check this out!
1.  
O
2.
3.
4.
5.
Finding Limits through Graph
 
Finding Limits through Graph
 
Finding Limits through Graph
 
The Limit of a Function at c versus
the Value of the Function at c
The Limit of a Function at c versus
the Value of the Function at c
The Limit of a Function at c versus
the Value of the Function at c
 Limit Theorems
O Constant Theorem
O Substitution Theorem
O Constant Multiple Theorem
O Addition Theorem
O Multiplication Theorem
O Division Theorem
O Power Theorem
O Radical/Root Theorem
Limit Theorems
Constant Theorem
Substitution Theorem
Constant Multiple Theorem
Addition Theorem
Multiplication Theorem
Multiplication Theorem
Division Theorem
Division Theorem
Power Theorem
Power Theorem
Radical/Root Theorem
Radical/Root Theorem
THEOREMS ON LIMIT
Limits of Polynomial,
Rational, and Radical
Functions
Limit of a Polynomial Function
Limit of a Polynomial Function
Limit of a Rational Function
Intuitive Notions of Infinite Limit
O  Consider a limit at a point a of a rational
function where f and g are polynomial
functions and and . So in this case Rational
Limit Theorem can be applied.
 Intuitive Notions of Infinite Limit
O  Now, consider the function .
Note that the function is not
defined at x = 0 but we can
check the behavior of the
function as x approaches 0
intuitively.
Intuitive Notions of Infinite Limit
Intuitive Notions of Infinite Limit
Intuitive Notions of Infinite Limit
 
Evaluate:
Intuitive Definition of Infinite
Limits of a functions
Evaluate
 
Remarks
 Limits of Transcendental
Functions
O Exponential Functions
O Logarithmic Functions
O Trigonometric Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
 Evaluate
 
where e is called the Euler number, and has value 2.718281....
Evaluate
 
 Evaluate
 

 lim log 𝑥=0

−
  lim
+¿
¿
𝑥→1 𝑥 → 1 log 𝑥=0 ¿
 Evaluate
 

 lim sin 𝑥=0   lim ¿

− +¿
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0 sin 𝑥=0 ¿

 lim sin 𝑥=0

𝑥→ 0
 Evaluate
 

 lim sin 𝑥=0   lim ¿

− +¿
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0 sin 𝑥=0 ¿

 lim sin 𝑥=0

𝑥→ 0
Have you Observed that…
if f is either exponential, logarithmic or
trigonometric, and if c is a real number
which is in the domain of f, then

 lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )=𝑓 (𝑐 )
𝑥 →𝑐
 Evaluate the following
 1. lim 5𝑥
𝑥→ 2

2.
  lim log2 𝑥
𝑥→8
3.
  lim tan 𝑥
𝑥→0

4.
  lim cos 𝑥
𝑥→𝜋
 Some Special Limits
 
Special Functions:

1. g
2. h
 Evaluate
 

 lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =1   lim ¿

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0
− 𝑥 𝑥→0
+¿
𝑥
=1¿

  𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→ 0 𝑥
Graph
  of
 Evaluate
 

 lim 1 −cos 𝑥 =0   lim ¿

+ ¿ 1 − cos 𝑥
𝑥→0
− 𝑥 𝑥→0
𝑥
=0 ¿

  1 −cos 𝑥
lim =0
𝑥→ 0 𝑥
Graph
  of g
 Evaluate
 

  𝑒𝑡 − 1   lim ¿
lim =1 𝑡
𝑒 −1
𝑡
+¿
− 𝑡→0 =1¿
𝑡→0 𝑡

  𝑒 𝑡 −1
lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡
Graph
  of h
Indeterminate
  form “ “
 Remark
 
A limit that is indeterminate of type may
exist. To find the actual value, one should
find an expression equivalent to the original.
This is commonly done by factoring or by
rationalizing. Hopefully, the expression that
will emerge after factoring or rationalizing
will have a computable limit.
Solution:
Solution: