Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by Don L. F. Nilsen
and Alleen Pace Nilsen
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AMBIGUITIES
I saw him walking by the bank.
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COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
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RELEVANCE: Be relevant.
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DEIXIS
Deictic words get their meanings from
the time, the place, or the persons in
the context:
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FRAME SEMANTICS
Using Predicate Calculus as a model, Charles Fillmore
devised Case Grammar, in which verbs are classified in
terms of their arguments.
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A verb can be intransitive, linking,
transitive or ditransitive. Although
this is a syntactic notion, it has
important semantic consequences.
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Fillmore says that If we change from
a syntactic to a semantic bias, we
can say that the “case frame” of a
verb involves the following “Deep
Cases”: Agent, Instrument,
Experiencer, Object, Source, Path,
Goal, Time, Place, Manner, Extent,
Reason, etc.
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If we do this, we can say that the different types
of verbs have different case frames, so that
the following classifications are not only
semantic, but syntactic as well:
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Lakoff seems to be cementing terminology that has
previously been unstable.
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Gamson & Lasch Frames
1. Metaphors
3. Catch Phrases
4. Depictions
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HUMPTY DUMPTY LANGUAGE
“There’s glory for you!”
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“But ‘glory’ doesn’t mean ‘a nice knock-down
argument,” Alice objected.
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IDIOMS
bite your tongue let your hair down
cut it out put your foot in your mouth
eat my hat rake someone over the coals
get a piece of my mind raining cats and dogs
hit the ceiling sell someone down the river
hit it off snap out of it
kick the bucket throw your weight around
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IRONY
I’m not kidding.
Literally…
Some of my best friends are…black, gay,
Mexican, women….
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LEGAL LANGUAGE
Because it has to account for all possibilities,
legal language must be precise and
sometimes a bit redundant. That’s why
lawyers use such terms as “cease and
desist,” or “give and bequeath.”
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“Please do not annoy, torment, pester, plague,
molest, worry, badger, harry, harass, heckle,
persecute, irk, bullyrag, vex, disquiet, grate,
beset, bother, tease, nettle, tantalize, or ruffle
the animals.”
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PRESUPPOSITION
“Fats regretted that he had to pay alimony
to Bessie” presupposes that “Fats had to
pay alimony to Bessie.”
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SPEECH ACTS
Commissives (Affect Speaker, Subjective)
TYPES: Oath, Offer, Promise
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Interrogatives (Hearer Knows Best)
TYPES: Closed (yes-no), Loaded, Open
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SYNTAX VS. SEMANTICS
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
“Haj Ross and George Lakoff were the first to protest against this
syntactic straitjacket.”
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THEMATIC ROLES
Subject, Direct Object and Indirect Object are
syntactically determined. Deep Cases like
Actor, Experiencer, Instrument, and Object
(or Patient) are semantically determined.
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Normally, the most active deep case is
selected as the subject of the
sentence:
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The boy opened the door
with the key.
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Non Actors as Subjects
The cake smelled good.
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MORE TYPICAL SENTENCES
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In an Active Sentence the most
active Deep Case is eligible to
become the Subject and the least
active is eligible to become the
Direct Object.
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TRUTH
It’s cold outside. (empirical)
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John Saw Mary. = Mary was seen by John.
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John and Mary had a child = Mary
and John had a child.
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I got drunk and crashed my car =/= I
crashed my car and got drunk.
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Jacob Mey says that
communication is not a
matter of logic or truth, but
of cooperation.
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SNIGLETS
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• Esso Asso (eso a’so): The person
behind you in a right-hand turn lane
who cuts through the Esso Station
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Web Site on Semantics:
The Turbo Encabulator:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLDgQg6bq7o
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