Intro to Geometry

Geometry
The word "geometry "
comes from two Greek
words
geo and metron meaning "earth measuring."
Geometry was extremely important to ancient societies and
was used for surveying, astronomy, navigation, and building.
Geometry, as we know it is actually known as Euclidean
geometry which was written well over 2000 years ago in
Ancient Greece by Euclid, Pythagoras, Thales, Plato and
Aristotle just to mention a few. The most fascinating and
accurate geometry text was written by Euclid, and was called
Elements. Euclid's text has been used for over 2000 years!
 GEOMETRY’S
UNDEFINED TERMS
POINT
LINE
PLANE
 POINT
A point is a_______, or
a_____.
 POINT
A point is not a physical object – you
can not touch it, feel it, or even see it.
 POINT
A point has no size.
 POINT
A point can be represented by a dot. The size
that you make the dot is not important
because a point has no size. Make it just large
enough to see.
 EXAMPLE OF POINT
 MAN MADE!
 EXAMPLE OF POINT
 NATURAL!
 POINT
A point is named by using an
“upper-case” “block” letter.

EXAMPLE: P

This figure would be called “point P”.

 POINT
EXAMPLE 2:
X

This figure would be

called “point X”.
 LINE
 A line is a set of points that
extends infinitely in 2
opposite directions.
What does “infinitely” mean ?
NEVER-ENDING
(Goes on forever.)
 LINE
Why does it
EXAMPLE: have arrows on
both ends ?
TO SHOW THAT IT
EXTENDS
INFINITELY IN
BOTH (OPPOSITE)
DIRECTIONS
 EXAMPLE OF LINE
 MAN MADE!
 EXAMPLE OF LINE
 NATURAL!
 NAMING A LINE
There are 2 ways:
1. Use the names of (any) two
points on the line. What name(s)
Example: can we give to
X this line?
P
Line ___or line____
 NAMING A LINE
There are 2 ways:
2. Use a “lower-case” “cursive” letter
(located near one of the arrows).
What name can
Example: we give to this
line?
 NAMING A LINE
There are 2 ways:
1. Use the names of (any) two
points on the line. PX
EXAMPLE: line PX (OR USE A “SYMBOL” FOR
LINE AND WRITE IT ABOVE THE LETTERS.)
2. Use a “lower-case” “cursive” letter
(located near one of the arrows).
EXAMPLE: line ____
 How many names does this
line have?
K
R G
There are 6 different names that you could
use to name this line.
They are:
 Let’s try again.
How many names does this line have?

X t
N
F
There are 7 different names that you could
use to name this line.
They are:
FN FX NX XF XN NF line t
 ONE MORE TIME.
How many names does this line have?

N
C Y
T
There are 12 different names that you could
use to name this line.
They are:

TC CT TY YT TN NT CY YC CN NC YN NY
 PLANE
 A plane is a “flat surface” – a
set of points that extends
infinitely in 2 dimensions.
What does “dimension” mean ?
________,_______,__________
.
A plane is infinitely long and infinitely
wide, but it has no height (or depth).
 PLANE
A plane can be drawn
(represented) by a four sided
figure known as a parallelogram.
 EXAMPLE OF PLANE
 MAN MADE!
 EXAMPLE OF PLANE
 NATURAL!
 PLANE
A plane can be named by a single
“upper-case” “block” letter (written
near a corner of the plane).
What is the name
of this plane?
Q
Plane Q
or □Q
What is the name of this plane?

R N
ANSWER:
_______
T
F _______

WHY CAN’T IT BE CALLED PLANE R or T or N ?

Descriptions of Defined Terms
 Space
 General Terms
Congruent

Similar

Equal

Union

Intersection
 Space
Refers to the set of all points.
Space goes on forever in every
direction, and therefore has length,
width, and depth. Space has no
special notations. It is simply
referred to as space. Space
contains at least 4 points that are
not all on the same plane.

General Terms
Congruent

Similar

Equal

Union

Intersection
Congruent

 or congruent shapes are

the same shape and size;
therefore, after some
movement of the shapes
they can be made to fit
exactly on top of one
another.
Similar

 or similar shapes are the

same shape, but can be different
sizes; thus congruent shapes are
also similar shapes, but similar
shapes are not necessarily
congruent shapes.
Equal

= or equal can apply to

sets of points being
exactly the same set or to
numerical measurements
being exactly the same
number values.
Union

or union refers to

putting all of the points
together and describing
the result.
Intersection

 or intersection refers to
describing only those points
that are common to all sets
involved in the intersection or
to describing the points where
indicated shapes touch.
Ray
 Symbolized by
Let’s look at a ray:
A is called the initial
point The initial point is
always the first
A B letter in naming a
AB
ray. Notice the
difference in
Ray AB extends in symbols from both
one direction a line and segment.
without end.
Symbol alert!
Not all symbols are created equal!

AB is the same as BA A B
A B
AB is the same as BA
BUT…
 Symbol alert!!
The ray is different! Initial point 1st

AB is not the same as BA

A B AB
A B BA
Notice that the initial point is listed first in the symbol. Also
note that the symbolic ray always has the arrowhead on the
right regardless of the direction of the ray.
Opposite Rays
If C is between A and B,
A C B

then CA and CB are opposite

rays.
C is the common initial point for the rays!
 Angles
Rays are important because they help us define something very
important in geometry…Angles!
An angle consists of two different rays that have the same initial

point. The rays are sides of the angles. The initial point is called
the vertex. Notation: We denote an angle with
three points and  symbol. The
vertex B middle point is always the vertex.
We can also name the angle with
sides just the vertex point. This angle can
A be denoted as:

C BAC , CAB, or A
 Classifying Angles
Angles are classified as acute, right, obtuse,
and straight, according to their measures.
Angles have measures greater than 0° and less or
equal to 180°.

A A A A
Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Straight angle
0°< m A < m A = 90°< m A < m  A = 180°
90° 90° 180°
EVERYDA
Y
 Polygons and their angles

The word polygon means

“many angles”
A two dimensional object
A closed figure
 More about Polygons
• Made up of three or more
straight line segments.
• There are exactly two sides
that meet at a vertex.
• The sides do not cross each
other.
Polygons
State some geometric figures are there in
• A) Home .
• B) Street .
• C) Work .
• D) Sports .
Q: Is this a polygon? Why or
why not?

A: No…
Polygons are closed figures.
Q: Is this a polygon? Why or
why not?

A: No…
It is not made of line segments.
Q: Is this a polygon? Why or
why not?

A: No…
Its sides do not intersect
in exactly two places
each.
Examples of Polygons

Polygons
These are not Polygons
 Keywords

Side: One of the line

segments that make up a
polygon.
Vertex: Point where
two sides meet.
Polygons
 Vertex

Side
• Interior angle: An angle
formed by two adjacent
sides inside the polygon.
• Exterior angle: An angle
formed by two adjacent
sides outside the polygon.
 Exterior angle

Interior angle

Polygons
Let us recapitulate

Exterior angle

Vertex

Side

Diagonal
Interior angle
• Regular Polygon: a polygon
where all the angles are equal
and all of the sides are the
same length. They are both
equilateral and equiangular.

Polygons
 Are these regular polygons?
Why or why not?

A: No…
These sides are all the different lengths,
and the angles are all different.
 Task
• Draw 2 different triangles .
• Measure its all angles .
• Calculate the sum .
• What do you deduce ?
 Triangle
A three-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.
 Equilateral Triangle

A triangle having all three sides of equal

length. The angles of an equilateral
triangle all measure 60 degrees.
 Isosceles Triangle
A triangle having two sides of equal length.
 Scalene Triangle
A triangle having three sides of
different lengths.
 Acute Triangle
A triangle having three acute angles.
 Obtuse Triangle
A triangle having an obtuse angle.
One of the angles of the triangle
measures more than 90 degrees.
 Right Triangle
A triangle having a right angle. One of
the angles of the triangle measures
90 degrees.
 Quadrilateral
A four-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a quadrilateral is 360
degrees.
 Rectangle
A four-sided polygon having all right
angles. The sum of the angles of a
rectangle is 360 degrees.
 Square

A four-sided polygon having equal-length

sides meeting at right angles. The sum
of the angles of a square is 360 degrees.
 Parallelogram
A four-sided polygon with two pairs of
parallel sides. The sum of the angles of a
parallelogram is 360 degrees.
 Rhombus
A four-sided polygon having all four sides
of equal length. The sum of the angles of a
rhombus is 360 degrees.
 Trapezoid
A four-sided polygon having exactly one pair of
parallel sides. The two sides that are parallel
are called the bases of the trapezoid. The sum
of the angles of a trapezoid is 360 degrees.
 Pentagon
A five-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a pentagon is 540
degrees.
A regular pentagon: An irregular pentagon:
 Hexagon

A six-sided polygon. The sum of the angles of a hexagon is

720 degrees.

A regular hexagon: An irregular hexagon:

 Heptago
n
A seven-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a heptagon is 900 degrees.
A regular heptagon: An irregular heptagon:
 Octago
n
An eight-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of an octagon is 1080 degrees.

A regular octagon: An irregular octagon:

 Nonagon
A nine-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a nonagon is 1260
degrees.
A regular nonagon: An irregular nonagon:
 Decagon
A ten-sided polygon. The sum of the angles
of a decagon is 1440 degrees.

A regular decagon: An irregular decagon:

INTERIOR
ANGLES OF
A POLYGON
Polygons
 Let us find the
connection between
the number of sides,
number of diagonals
and the number of
triangles of a polygon.
 180
o 180 180o 180o
o
180o

4 sides Quadrilateral
2 x 180o = 360o 5 sides Pentagon
2
1 diagonal
3 … x 180 = … o o

2 diagonals

180o
180o 180o 180o
180o 180o 180o
180o
180o
6 sides Hexagon
… sides Heptagon/Septagon
4 … x 180 = … o o
… …. x 180o = …….o
…. diagonals
Polygons …. diagonals
 Regular No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Polygon sides diagonals interior interior
angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0
 No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Regular
sides diagonals interior interior
Polygon angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0

Quadrilateral 4 1 2 2 x180
0
360 /4
0

= 360 = 90
0 0

Polygons
 No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Regular
sides diagonals interior interior
Polygon angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0

Quadrilateral 4 1 2 2 x180
0
360 /4
0

= 360 = 90
0 0

Pentagon 5 2 3 3 x180
0
540 /5
0

= 540 = 108
0 0
 No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Regular
sides diagonals interior interior
Polygon angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0

Quadrilateral 4 1 2 2 x180
0
360 /4
0

= 360 = 90
0 0

Pentagon 5 2 3 3 x180
0
540 /5
0

= 540 = 108
0 0

Hexagon 6 3 4 4 x180
0
720 /6
0

= 720 = 120
0 0
 No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Regular
sides diagonals interior interior
Polygon angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0

Quadrilateral 4 1 2 2 x180
0
360 /4
0

= 360 = 90
0 0

Pentagon 5 2 3 3 x180
0
540 /5
0

= 540 = 108
0 0

Hexagon 6 3 4 4 x180
0
720 /6
0

= 720 = 120
0 0

Heptagon 7 4 5 5 x180
0
900 /7
0

= 900 = 128.3
0 0
 No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Regular
sides diagonals interior interior
Polygon angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0

Quadrilateral 4 1 2 2 x180
0
360 /4
0

= 360 = 90
0 0

Pentagon 5 2 3 3 x180
0
540 /5
0

= 540 = 108
0 0

Hexagon 6 3 4 4 x180
0
720 /6
0

= 720 = 120
0 0

Heptagon 7 4 5 5 x180
0
900 /7
0

= 900 = 128.3
0 0

“n” sided n Association Association Association Association

with no. of with no. of with no. of with sum of
polygon sides sides triangles interior
angles
 No. of No. of No. of Sum of the Each
Regular
sides diagonals interior interior
Polygon angles angle
Triangle 3 0 1 180
0
180 /3
0

= 60
0

Quadrilateral 4 1 2 2 x180
0
360 /4
0

= 360 = 90
0 0

Pentagon 5 2 3 3 x180
0
540 /5
0

= 540 = 108
0 0

Hexagon 6 3 4 4 x180
0
720 /6
0

= 720 = 120
0 0

Heptagon 7 4 5 5 x180
0
900 /7
0

= 900 = 128.3
0 0

“n” sided n n-3 n-2 (n - 2) (n - 2)

x180 x180 / n
0 0

polygon
Polygons
 Circle
A circle is the collection of points in a plane that are all
the same distance from a fixed point. The fixed point
is called the center. A line segment joining the center
to any point on the circle is called a radius.
 Convex
A figure is convex if every line segment drawn between
any two points inside the figure lies entirely inside the
figure. A figure that is not convex is called a concave
figure.

Convex: Concave: