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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME:

ROLL NUMBER:

SUBJECT:ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

TEACHER:
TOPICS :

EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY ON THE

RESPONSE OF BASIC ELEMENTS
(RESISTOR,INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR)
Plot XL versus frequency for a 5mH coil using a
frequency range from zero to 100kHz on a
linear scale.
Plot Xc versus frequency for 1 microfarad
capacitor using a frequency range from zero to
10 kHz on a linear scale.
Intro of Frequency,Resistor,Inductor and
Capacitor
Frequency: Number of cycles completed in one second or
alternating between positive and negative axis in
waveform to complete cycle.
denoted by:f Unit: Hertz

figure 1.1 frequency wave form

 Response of frequency on Resistor.

The frequency response of a resistor tells us at what

frequency the resistor still acts as a pure resistor without any
significant effect.
Normally frequency has no effect on resistor
Ideal resistor
If we talk about ideal resistor then it has no effect. Because
in an ideal resistor ,increasing the frequency is not affecting
the impedance level. As you can also observed in the
mentioned figure 1.1.At 5KHz frequency or 20KHz
frequency ,the resistance of the resistor is at 22ohm.

FIG.1.1
R versus f for the range of interest
Practical resistor
If we talk about practical resistor. Then in Practical
resistor, beyond a few megahertz ,it may have few effects.
Because in manufacturing process, every resistor inherits
some stray capacitance.
For example a carbon composition resistor having a
resistance of 100 ohm is essentially stable up to
300MHZ,where as a 100Kohm resistor drop off at about
15MHz.In general ,this type of carbon composition resistor
has ideal characteristics up to 15MHZ frequency and for
frequencies like 100HZ,1KHz ,150KHZand so on can be
considered as ideal.

FIG1.2
 Response of frequency on Inductor
• An inductor exhibits an inductive characteristic ,the
impedance increases as the frequency rises up to a resonance
frequency.
Beyond the resonance frequency ,the inductor exhibits a
capacitive characteristic (The impedance decreases as the
frequency rises)
For inductors in the millihenry range frequencies approaching
100 kHz can have an effect on the ideal characteristics of the
element. For inductors in the microhenry range, a frequency
of 1MHz may introduce negative effects. It doesnot means
that inductors lose their, effect at these frequencies but rather
that they can no longer be considered ideal (purely inductive
elements).
An Inductor acts as impede in Alternating current because
higher the frequency ,the harder for current to flow.
We should know that up to about 2 MHz, the
impedance increases almost linearly with frequency,
clearly suggesting that the 100 µH inductor is
essentially ideal. However, above 2 MHz, all the factors
contributing to Rs start to increase, while the
reactance due to the capacitive element Cp is more
pronounced. The dropping level of capacitive
reactance begins to have a shorting effect across the
windings of the inductor and reduces the overall
inductive effect.
Response of frequency on Capacitor
If we generally talk regarding the response of frequency on
capacitor then at f=0 capacitor acts as an open circuit. But at
higher frequencies, a capacitor takes on the characteristic of a
short circuit. It is to note that reactance drops very rapidly as
frequency increases.

 we talk about Ideal capacitor ,capacitor is having is having lower

impedance at higher frequency.
If we talk about Practical capacitor then its having increasing
impedance at higher frequency.
 Plot XL versus frequency for a 5mH coil using a frequency range
of zero to 100kHz on a linear scale.
We know that If f=40KHz then
XL=2πfL
XL=2πfL XL=2*3.14*(40*10^3)(5*10^-3)
Given Data =1256 Ω
L=5mH=5*10^3H
f=20KHz,40KHz,60KHz,80KHz,100KHz If f=60KHz then
XL=2*3.14*(60*10^3)(5*10^-3)
=1884 Ω
If f=20KHz then
XL=2πfL If f=80KHz then
XL=2*3.14*(20*10^3)(5*10^-3) XL=2*3.14*(80*10^3)(5*10^-3)
=628Ω =2512Ω

If f=100KHZ then
XL=2*3.14*(100*10^3)(5*10^-3)

=3140 Ω
STRAIGHT LINE WAS PLOTED AFTER SETTING A RANGE
FROM ZERO TO 100KHz keeping L=5mH CONSTANT
 Plot Xc versus frequency for 1 microfarad capacitor using a
frequency range of zero to 10 kHz on a linear scale.
We know that
If f=7KHz then
Xc =1/2πfC Xc =1/2πfC
C=1microfarad =1*10^-6 Xc=1/2*3.14(7*10^3)(1*10^-6)
Given Data Xc=22.74Ω
C=1*10^-6F
f=3KHz,5Khz,7KHz,10KHz If f=10KHz then
Xc=1/2πfC
If f=3KHz then Xc=1/2*3.14(10*10^3)(1*10^-6)

Xc =1/2πfC Xc=15.92Ω
Xc=1/2*3.14(3*10^3)(1*10^-6)
Xc=53.07 Ω

If f=5KHZ then
XC=1/2πfC
Xc=1/2*3.14(5*10^3)(1*10^-6)
Xc=31.84Ω
HYPERBOLA SHAPE WAS PLOTED AFTER SETTING FREQUENCY
RANGE FROM 1 TO 10KHz keeping C=1MICROFARAD
SOFTWARE USED IN MAKING OF THIS GRAPH WAS MATLAB
CODE FOR MAKING XL VERSUS CODE FOR MAKING XC VERSUS

clc clc
close all close all
clear all clear all

F=0:100000; F=0:100:10000;

Xl=2*pi*F*5*10^-3; C=1*10^-6;
Xc=1./(2*pi*F*C);
plot(F,Xl)
xlabel('fHz'); plot(F,Xc)
ylabel('Xl')
title('Plot XL versus xlabel('fHz');
frequency') ylabel('Xc')
title('Plot Xc versus frequency'
THANKS