Group 5

● Dwi Noviola Aribtha

● Artha Sary Br Limbong

● Putri Ruspida Sari

● Akmal Ariqsyah Putra

Arnob
Non Linear
Relationship
1. Quadratic Function
a) A quadratic function or function of degree two is a function
whose highest rank of the variable is two

b) The general form of the quadratic function

 y

c) The image of quadratic function can be one of the

possible conical shapes

• Circle
• Elipse
• Hyperbole
• Parabola
Identification of Quadratic Equation

a) the general form of the quadratic

  equation: b)
  if p = 0, and there are no terms containing xy then the form of
the quadratic equation will decrease to:

if : If :
p = 0 and a = b ≠ 0 : curve is a circle a = b ≠ 0; curve is a circle
p2 – 4 ab < 0 : curve is an elipse a ≠ b, but equal sign then the curve is an ellipse
p2 – 4 ab > 0 : curve is a hyperbole a and b not equal sign, then the curve is a hyperbole
2 – 4 ab = 0 : curve is a parabola a= 0 or b = 0, but not both, curve is a parabola
 Circle
 • A circle is a locus of points that are a fixed distance from a certain point called the distance.
• The general form of the equation of a circle:

• How to find the center of a circle and the radius of a circle, if you know the general equation:
a. I =
b. J =
c. r =
• Standard form of circle formula:

 
This standard form is used if the distance from the center of the circle
to the vertical -y axis and the horizontal -x axis and the radius are known.
Example Equation of Circle
2. What is the equation of a circle with center
1.A circle that has a center (-4,-9) and a radius (3,-2) and radius 3?
of 5 has the equation of a circle?
Answer:
Answer :
(x-i)2+(y-j)2 =r2
(x-(-4))2+(y-(-9))2 =52
(x+4)2+(y+9)2 =52
x2+8x+16+y2+18 y+81 =25
x2+y2+8x+18y+16+81-25 =0
x2+y2+8x+18y+72 =0

(x-i)2+(y-j)2 =r2
(a,b)=(3,-2)
r=3
so,the equation is
(x-3)2+(y-(-2)2 =32
(x-3)2+(y+2)2 =9
Example Equation of Circle

3. Determine the center and radius of Pusat lingkarannya adalah titik (4,3),
the circle x2 + 3y2 – 24x – 18y -33=0. jari – jari = 6
Determine also their intersection on each of the coordinate So, the center of the circle is at point(4,3) and has
axes! radius 6.
Answer:  

 x2 + 3y2 – 24x – 18y = 33

X2 + y2 - 8x – 6y = 11
X2 – 8x2 + y – 6y = 11
X2 – 8x + k1 +y2 – 6y + k2 = 11 – k1 + k2
(x2 – 8 x + k1 )+ y2 – 6y + k2 = 11 + k1 + k2
(x2 – 8x + 16) + (y2 – 6y + 9)= 11 + 16 + 9
( x – 4 )2 + (y – 3)2 = 6 
 Ellipse
•  An ellipse is the locus of a point where the sum of the distances from the two foci
is constant.

• The general form of ellipse equation:

a has the same sign but not as large as b

• Standard form of ellipse formula:

Example Equation of Ellipse
 
+ =1
1. It is known that the coordinates of the focal point of an
+ =1
ellipse are f1(8,-1) and F2(-4,-1) and one of the coordinates
of the end of the minor axis is (2,7). Determine the equation
of the ellipse.
Answer: 2. find the value of k so that the line y=-x+k touches
the ellipse x2+4y2=20
because the coordinates of the focal point have the same answer:
ordinate, this ellipse is a horizontal ellipse.The center substitute y=-x+k into the equation of the ellipse.
point is in the middle of the two focal points:
X2+4y2=20
  X2+4(-x+k)2=20
=(2,-1)
X +4(x2-2kx+k2) = 20
2

center point distance (2,-1) to focus (8,-1) or(4,-1) c is=6 5x2-8kx+4k2-20=0

center point distance (2,-1) to (2,7) b is=8, means:b2=64
it means, a2=b2+c2= 82+62=100
So the equation of the ellipse is:
Example Equation of Ellipse

The condition for the line tangent to the ellipse is

that the quadratic equation above has a
discriminant of 0.
B2-4ac=0
(-8k)2-4(5)(4k2-20)=0
64k2-80k2+400=0
-16k2=-400
K=±5
So, the value of k is ±5
 Hyperbole
 • A hyperbole is the locus of points whose difference in distance
from the focus is always constant.

• The general form of hyperbole equation:

with a is opposite to b

• Standard form of hyperbole formula:

or
Example Equation of Hyperbole

1. One of the asymptotes of hyperbola 9x2 - 16y2 - 54x +

64 - 127=0 is
Answer:

9x² - 16y² - 54x + 64y - 127 = 0

(9x² - 54x) - (16y² - 64y) = 127
9(x² - 6x) - 16(y² - 4y) = 127
9(x - 3)² - 16(y - 2)² = 127 + 9(3)² - 16(2)²
9(x - 3)² - 16(y - 2)² = 144
1/16 (x - 3)² - 1/9 (y - 2)² = 1
(x - 3)² / 4² - (y - 2)² / 3² = 1

The equation for the asymptote of the hyperbola

(x - h)² / a² - (y - k)² / b² = 1 is y - k = ± b/a (x - h)
y = 3/4 (x - 3) + 2 or y = -3/4 (x - 3) + 2.
Example Equation of Hyperbole
The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola that
passes through the point (x1,y1)=(4,3) is then
2. The equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola 6x2- given by :
15y2=12x=30y-99=0 at point (4,3) is…
B2(x-xp)(x1-xp)-a2(y-yp)(y1-yp) =a2b2
6x -15y +12x+3oy-99=0
2 2
6(x+1)(4+1)-15(y-1)(3-1)=90
6(x2+2x)-15(y2-2y)-99=0 30(x+1)-30(y-1)=90:30
6((x+1)2-1)-15((y-1)2-1)-99=0 (x+1)-(y-1)=3
6(x+1)2-6-15(y-1)2+15-99=0 x-y-1=0
6(x+1)2-15(y-1)2=90
The equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola
6x2-15y2+30y-99=0 at the point (4,3) is x-y-1=0.
 Parabola
•  The general form of the parabolic equation is:
If the axis of symmetry is parallel to the vertical axis
y

• if the axis of symmetry is parallel to the horizontal axis:

• The extreme points of the parabola (i,j) are:

and
Example Equation of Parabola
1. Find the equation of a parabola that culminates at (4, 3), 2. A parabola with vertex at (3, –2) and focus at
has an axis of symmetry x = 4 and a length of latus rectum 8 (4, –2). Find the equation of the parabola
Answer : Answer
Based on the vertex and focus, form a Horizontal
Based on the vertex and the axis of symmetry, form a parabola
vertical parabola General Form: (y – b)2 = 4p(x – a)
General Form : (x – a)2 = 4p(y – b) Peak at (3, –2), then a = 3 and b = –2
Peak at (4, 3), then a = 4 and b = 3 Focus F(p + a, b) = F(p + 3, –2) = F(4, –2)
The length of the latus rectum = 8 = 4p then p= 2 p+3=4
p=1
So the equation of the parabola is:
(x – 4)2 = 4(2)(y – 3) So the equation of the parabola is:
x2 – 8x + 16 = 8y – 24 (y + 2)2 = 4(1)(x – 3)
x2 – 8x – 8y + 16 + 24 = 0 y2 + 4y + 4 = 4x – 12
x2 – 8x – 8y + 40 = 0 y2 – 4x + 4y + 4 + 12 = 0
y2 – 4x + 4y + 16 = 0
 2. Cubic Function

● Cubic function or degree of three is • Cubic Function Graph

a function whose highest rank of the
variable is three.

● The general form of cubic function:

    + + cx + d = 0
 Example Equation of Cubic
Function

. 1. The value of x that satisfies the equation 2. Determine the solution set of the following power 3
1-8x=-4x-15 is… equations: x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 10 = 0
Answer: Answer:
1-8x=-4x-15 x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 10 = 0
-8x+4x=-15-1 x2 ( x – 5) – 2(x – 5) = 0
-4x=-16 (x2 – 2)(x – 5) = 0
x=-16/-4=4 (x+√2) (x-√2) (x-5) = 0
x= -√2 or x= 2 or x=5
So the solution set is {-√2, 2,5}
3. Exponential Function
● the exponential function is a
• Exponential function graph
mapping of real numbers x to a
with the general form:
 f(x) =
f(x) = x function
a = Number base, a includes real numbers
x = x is positive integer
●  
● Exponential’s traits
1. . =
2. =
3. =
4. = .
5. = /
 
Example Equation of Exponential
Answer:
Function

1. It is known that a = 1/2, b = 2, and c = 1. What

is the value of a-2.b.c³ / a. b². c?
Answer:

2. The value of x that satisfies the equation

4. Logaritmic Function
● A logarithmic function is a function whose
independent modifier is a logarithmic form. • logarithmic function graph
● Formulas simplify logarithms 
Example Equation of Logaritmic
Function 2. Graph function f(x)=k. 3log x. througt
point((9,10).The value of 2k is
Answer :
1. The set of solutions to the equation 2log
(x2 – 2x + 1) = 2log (2x2 – 2), then the Known f(x)=k.3log x.
logarithmic equation is: since the graph passes through the point (9, 10), which
means x=9 and y=f(9) = 10, we get:
Answer : 10=k.3 log 9
10=k.2
x2 -2x + 1 = 2 x2 – 2
K=5
0 = 2 x2 – 2 – x2 + 2x – 1 The value of 2k=2(5) =10
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0

(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0 then x = -3 and or x = 1

Then the result is x = -3.

The reason is log f(x), the condition is f(x)>0.

For x = 1 → f(x) 0 does not apply. Then the

result is x = -3
 Application Of
Non Linear Function Economy
Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium
The way to analyze the market equilibrium for non-linear supply and demand is the same as in the linear case. Market
equilibrium is indicated by the similarity of Qd = Qs, at the intersection of the supply and demand curves.

P Market Equilibrium:
Qs
Qd = Qs

Qd = number of requests

Qs = number of bids

E = balance point
Pe E
Pe = equilibrium price
Qd
Q Qe = balance amount
0 Qe
Problem Example
The demand function for an item is shown by the equation Qd = 19 – P2 , while the supply function is Qs =
–8 + 2P2. What is the equilibrium price and quantity created in the market?

Solution
Market Equilibrium
Qd = Qs
19 – P2 = –8 + 2P2
P2 = 9
P = 3 Pe
 
Q = 19 – P2
= 19 – 32
Q = 10 Qe
The market equilibrium price and quantity is E ( 10.3 )
 Cost Function Reception function
Fixed Costs : FC = k • The non-linear form of the total revenue function (total
Variable cost : VC = f(Q) = vQ revenue, R) is generally an open-down parabolic
equation.
Total cost : C = g (Q) = FC + VC = k + vQ • Total revenue is a function of the number of goods, also
the product of the number of goods with the price of
FC
Average fixed costs : AFC  goods per unit. As in the concept of cost, the concept of
Q revenue also recognizes the meaning of average and
marginal.
VC •
Average variable costs : AVC  Average revenue (AR) is the revenue earned per unit of
Q goods, which is the quotient of total revenue to the
number of goods.
C • Marginal revenue (MR) is the additional revenue
Average cost : AC  Q  AFC  AVC obtained from each additional unit of goods produced or
sold.
C
MC  Total revenue R = Q x P = f (Q)
Marginal cost : Q
R
Average acceptance AR = Q
The non-linear form of the cost function is R
1. Generally a parabolic quadratic function and Marginal revenue MR =  Q
2. A cubic function
 Advantages, Disadvantages
and Break-event
Break-even analysis is a concept used to analyze the minimum number
of products that must be produced or sold so that the company does not
suffer losses. The state of return of principal (zero profit, = 0 ) occurs
when R = C ; The company does not make a profit but neither does it
suffer a loss.
Graphically this is shown by the intersection of the R curve and the C
curve.
Utility Function
Utility is the level of satisfaction obtained by an
individual from consuming an item or carrying out an
activity. Generally, the more goods consumed, the greater
the utility obtained, then reaches its peak (saturation
point), after which it becomes reduced or even negative if
the number of goods is continuously increased.

C, R C= c(Q)

TPP

R = r (Q)

TPP

Q
0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
!
Production Function

 
production function is a mathematical function that relates the quantity of output to the input used in
the process production
• total product is the total product results obtained during the process
production
• average product the average number of products obtained during production
• marginal product is the addition of the total production that can be obtained because the unit of
factors of production has increased
Production Function Total Production : P = f(x)
P f(x) Average product : ΔP =
Marginal product :
Eksponential Function Multiple Flower Model

 
The exponential function is a function of a
constant to the power of the independent
variable.
The simplest form of the exponential function is:
y= a>0 fn = represents the amount borrowed or saved
after n years
p = represents the current number ( year 0 )
I = interest rate per year
m = frequency of interest payments in a year
n = number of years

 
This compound interest model is an
exponential function with as a variable
bound (dependent variable) and n as the
independent variable.
 Growth Model

 
Example

The population of the city of Tangerang was 1 million people in 1991, the growth rate is 4% per year. Calculate the population of the city of Tangerang in 2006

Solution:

P1 = 1 million

r = 0.04

R = 1.04

Asked : Pn

Answer :

Pn =

P16 = 1 million

P16 = 1 million (1.800943)

P16 = 1,800,943 people

In 2006 the population of Tangerang City was 1,800,943 inhabitants.