Philippine

History and Culture

Prepared by: Justine Mendoza
Table of Contents

01 02
History of the Pre-Colonial Period
Philippines

03 04
Spanish Era in the Japanese Invasion
Philippines
Table of Contents

05 06
The Philippine American Conquest
Revolution (1896-
1898)

07 08
Presidents of the Preamble
Philippines
 Philippine
History and Culture
People have lived in the Philippines since the dawn of human history. Originally, the various islands were
populated by competing tribes, each with their own king or queen. In 1521, the explorer Magellan claimed the
islands for Spain and colonization began in 1565. Manila was established as the capital of what was then
known was the Spanish East Indies in 1571.
The culture of the Philippines comprises a blend of traditional Filipino and Spanish Catholic traditions,
with influences from America and other parts of Asia. The Filipinos are family oriented and often religious with
an appreciation for art, fashion, music and food.
Filipinos are also hospitable people who love to have a good time. This often includes getting together
to sing, dance, and eat. The annual calendar is packed with festivals, many of which combine costumes and
rituals from the nation’s pre-Christian past with the Catholic beliefs and ideology of present day.
 01
History of the
Philippines
Introduction
We live in the Philippines, our native land. The people to
this country are called “Filipinos”. Now, in order to
know a country well, we study its history because
history is the story of a country and its people.
 Three Important Parts About Knowing
A Country’s History:

People

Land God
The name “Philippines”
• Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro
called our nation “Ma-yi”, meaning Land of gold.
• “Maniolas”- name given by Claudius Ptolemy, a
Greek mapmaker, in his ancient map.
• “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”- name given by
Magellan to our nation in 1521.
• “Felipinas”- a Spanish explorer named Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos gave this name in honor of
King Philip II.
 Location, Shape and Size

Located in Southeastern Asia Shape Area

Elongated 115,830 square miles
Archipelago
Capital City: Manila

Archipelago (large group of Coastline Length

islands) made up of 7,107 22,549 miles 1,851 km (1,150 mi)
islands SSE-NNW

Part of a Western Pacific arc Width

system that is characterized by 1,062 km (660 mi)
active volcanoes . ENE-WSW
 Terrain and Points
• Mostly mountainous • All islands are prone to earthquakes

Lowest Point- Highest Point-

Philippine Sea Mount Apo (9,691
feet)
Climate
Hot and Dry – March to May
Rainy – June to October
Cool – November to February
Temperature : 78A0F/25A0C
to 90A0F/32A0C ;humidity
77%
 Eleven main Islands

Luzon Mindoro
Mindanao Leyte
Samar
Cebu
Negros
Bohol
Palawan
Panay Masbate
 Languages
• 2 official languages: English and Filipino
• 8 major dialects :

1. Bikol

2. Cebuano

3. Hiligaynon(Ilonggo)

4. Ilocano

5. Kapangpangan

6. Pangasinan

7. Tagalog

8. Waray
 The Philippines
• 3rd largest English Speaking country in the world
• Democratic Government
*Executive Branch
-Headed by Chief of Staff (President and V.President)
*Legislative Branch
-Senate and House of Representatives
*Judicial Branch
- Supreme Court
• Natural Resources- Timber, Petroleum, Cobalt
• 72nd largest country in the world
• Officially called the Republic of Philippines
• Slightly larger than Arizona
 02
Pre-Colonial
Period
 INRODUCTION

Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines,

Filipinos had a civilization of their own. This
civilization partly came from the Malay settlers and
partly from their response to the new environment.
Many of these customs and traditions, government
and way of life, have come down to the present day,
despite the changes brought about by westernization
and modernization. Therefore, it is possible to know
about our distant past by simply observing some
customs and practices that have resisted change and
modernization.
 Society

Philippine pre-colonial society is both

different and the same as in the present.
Some aspects of the pre-colonial period
have survived into our time. The
following is a description of the way of
life of pre-colonial Filipinos.
 Social Classes
• The society was made up of three classes: nobles (made up of the
datu and their families), mahadlika or maharlika (freemen) and the
alipin (dependents)
• Members of the nobility were addressed with the title Gat or Lakan
among the Tagalogs
• Alipin or dependents acquired their status by inheritance, captivity,
purchase, failure to settle debts, or by committing a crime
• There were two kinds of dependents: aliping namamahay and aliping
sagigilid
• In the Visayas, dependents were of three kinds : tumataban,
tumarampok, and the ayuey
POLITICS
 Government
● Unit of government was the barangay, which consisted of from 30 to 100
families. The term came from the Malay word balangay, meaning boat.
● barangays were headed by chieftains called datu
● the subjects served their chieftain during wars, voyages, planting and
harvest, and when his house needs to be built or repaired; they also paid
tributes called buwis
● the chief or datu was the chief executive, the legislator, and the judge; he
was also the supreme commander in times of war
● alliances among barangays were common and these were formalized in a
ritual called sangduguan
● conflicts between or among barangays were settled by violence; those
who win by force is always right
 Laws
● were either customary (handed down from generation to generation
orally) or written (promulgated from time to time as necessity arose)
● dealt with various subjects such as inheritance, property rights, divorce,
usury, family relations, divorce, adoption, loans, etc.
● those found guilty of crimes were punished either by fine or by death;
some punishments can be considered as torture by modern standards
● however, it must be noted that ancients did not believe in endangering
society by letting loose a gang of thieves of recidivists who are incapable
of reform
 Legislation

● before laws are made, the chief consults with

a council of elders who approved of his plan
● they are not immediately enforced until the
new legislation is announced to the village by
the umalohokan, who also explains the law to
everyone
 Judicial Process
● disputes between individuals were settled by a court made up of
the village chief and the council of elders; between barangays, a
board made up of elders from neutral barangays acted as arbiter
● the accused and the accuser faced each other in front of the “court”
with their respective witnesses
● both took an oath to tell the truth; most of the time, the one who
presents the most witnesses wins the case
● if the losing party contests the decision, he is bound to lose in the
end because the chief always take the side of the winner
 Trial Ordeal
● to determine the innocence of an accused, he is made to go
through a number of ordeals which he must pass
● examples include dipping one’s hand in boiling water,
holding a lighted candle that must not be extinguished,
plunging into a river and staying underwater for as long as
possible, chewing uncooked rice and spitting, etc.
● among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was common, i.e.
bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)
 Culture
Philippine pre-colonial culture was basically Malayan
in structure and form. They had written language
which was used not just for communication but also
for literary expression. They also had music and
dances for almost all occasions and a wide variety of
musical instruments that shows their ingenuity.
03
Spanish-Era in the
Philippines
(1521-1898)
 Ferdinand Magelan
● arrived in the Philippines in 1521.
● Magellan landed on the island of Cebu, claiming the lands for
Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro.
● He set up friendly relations with some of the local chieftains and
converted some of them to Roman Catholicism.
● Magellan's Cross is a Christian cross planted by Portuguese, and
Spanish explorers as ordered by Ferdinand Magellan upon
arriving in Cebu in the Philippines on April 14, 1521.
● A sign below the cross describes the original cross is encased
inside the wooden cross that is found in the center of the chapel.
This is to protect the original cross from people who chipped
away parts of the cross for souvenir purposes or in the belief
that the cross possesses miraculous powers. Some people,
however, believe that the original cross had been destroyed or
had disappeared after Magellan's death
Lapu-Lapu
● Lapu-Lapu was a ruler of Mactan, who is
known as the first native of the archipelago
to have resisted the Spanish colonization.
● on the morning of April 27, 1521, Lapu-
Lapu led 3,000 warriors in a battle against
Portuguese explorer and conquistador
Ferdinand Magellan who led a force of
fortynine Spanish soldiers and 6000 native
warriors from Cebu. During the battle
Magellan and several of his men were killed.
 The Battle of Mactan

● Many warriors attacked Magellan; he was wounded in the arm with a spear
and in the leg by a kampilan. With this advantage, lapu-Lapu’s troops finally
overpowered and killed Magellan. He was stabbed and hacked by spears and
swords.
 Reason for Colonization: 3Gs’

God Glory

Gold
The Conversion of natives to Supremacy of Spain over
Christianity Portugal as a superpower

Accumulation of gold and wealth

 The Residencia
● This was a special judicial court that
investigates the performance of a governor
general who was about to be replaced. The
residencia, of which the incoming governor
general was usually a member, submitted a
report of its findings to the King.
The Visita
● The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a
government official called the Vistador
General to observe conditions in the colony.
The Visitador General reported his findings
directly to the King.
King Philip II of Spain
 The Encomienda

● Introduced in the Philippines when Legaspi, in compliance with the decree issued by King Philip
II in 1558, distributed lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish subjects. These men had helped conquer
the Philippines. The encomienda was not actually a land grant but was a favor from the kind
under which the Spaniard receiving his favor was given the right to collect tributes–or taxes–
from the inhabitants of the area assigned to him. The man who received this favor was called an
encomendero. The encomienda was, therefore, a public office
 Tribute

● In July 26, 1523, King Charles V decreed that Indians

who had been pacified should contribute a “moderate
amount” in recognition of their vassalage
 Galleon Trade

● The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the Manila–
Acapulco Trade, better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born. The Galleon Trade was a
government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with
some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to
Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea.
 Tondo Conspiracy of 1587-1588

● a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the Tagalog and Kapampangan

noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga, in
the Philippines. It was led by Agustín de Legazpi, grandson of conquistador
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi.
Diego Silang y Andaya
● Diego Silang y Andaya (December 16, 1730 –
May 28, 1763) was a revolutionary leader who
conspired with British forces to overthrow
Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and
establish an independent Ilocano nation. His
revolt was fueled by grievances stemming from
Spanish taxation and abuses, and by his belief in
self-government, that the administration and
leadership of the Roman Catholic Church and
government in the Ilocos be invested in trained
Ilocano officials.
 Peace of Paris and the Treaty of 1763

● The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Peace of Paris and the Treaty of 1763,
was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France
and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Britain's victory over France
and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
● Tobacco was introduced in the Philippines in the late 16th century during the
era of Spanish colonization when the Augustinians brought cigar tobacco
seeds to the colony for cultivation. In 1686, William Dampier visited
Mindanao and observed that smoking was a widespread custom. It had also
become an article of foreign trade with the Dutch from Tidore and Ternate
buying rice, bees wax and tobacco from the Spanish colony.
● The connection of Suez Kanal (Canal) to Philippine History is very
important. When it opened in 1869, it paved way for foreign traders to do
business with many countries. Philippines was one of those who benefited
from its operation, not only in terms of business (economy), but also about
way of life. Contact with westerners who came to trade with Philippines
brought-in new ideas, knowledge/education, and other things.
● The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in
1872 by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino
liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the
organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the
Philippines. Its prominent members included Jose Rizal, author of Noli Me
Tangere (novel) and El Filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena, publisher of La
Solidaridad, the movement's principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's
secretary and Marcelo H. del Pilar.
Goals Specifically, the Propagandists aims were:
1.Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales,
the
2.Spanish parliament;
3.Secularization of the clergy;
4.Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; 5.Creation of
a Public school (government funded)public school system
independent of the friars;
6.Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale
of local products to the government). 7.Guarantee of basic
freedoms of speech and Freedom of association.
8.Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service;
9.Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain;
10.Secularization of Philippine parishes; Recognition of
human rights
Graciano López Jaena
● Graciano López Jaena (December 18, 1856-
January 20, 1896) was a journalist, orator,
revolutionary, and national hero from Iloilo, the
Philippines, who is well known for his
newspaper, La Solidaridad. Philippine historians
regard López Jaena, along with Marcelo H. del
Pilar and José Rizal, as the triumvirate of
Filipino propagandists. Of these three ilustrados,
López Jaena was the first to arrive in Spain and
may have founded the genesis of the
Propaganda Movement.
 José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

● José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso

Realonda(June 19, 1861 – December 30,
1896), was a Filipino nationalist, writer
and reformist. He is widely considered
the greatest national hero of the
Philippines. He was the author of Noli
Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and a
number of poems and essays. He was
executed on December 30, 1896.
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán
● Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán
(August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), better
known by his pen name Plaridel, was a
Filipino writer, lawyer, and journalist.
He was the second and last editor of the
La Solidaridad (Solidarity), the
newspaper of the Reform Movement in
Spain.
● The Spanish Governor Ramon Blanco proclaims a
state of war in the 8 provinces that took up arms. The
provinces are Manila, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas,
Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.
● The Spaniards executed Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan
(today's Rizal Park).
● The Malolos Congress or formally known as the "National
Assembly" of representatives was the constituent assembly of
the First Philippine Republic. It met at the Barasoain Church in
Malolos City, Bulacan. It drafted the Malolos Constitution.
● The Treaty of Paris of 1898, 30 sta.1754, was an agreement
made in 1898 that resulted in Spain surrendering control of
Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico, parts of the West Indies, Guam,
and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the
Philippines involved a payment of $20 million to Spain by the
United States. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898,
ended the Spanish-American War. It came into effect on April
11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged.
 04
Japanese
Invasion
(1941-1945)
 Introduction

• Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of
Japan. A highly effective guerrilla campaign by Philippine resistance
forces-controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain
areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine and sent reinforcements
and officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, partly because
of the American guarantee of independence, and also because the Japanese
had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put
young Filipino women into brothels.
 Hours after Pearl Harbor

• War came unexpectedly to the Philippines. Japan opened a surprise attack on

the Philippines on December 8, 1941, when Japan attacked without warning,
just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japanese troops attacked the
islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial
bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops in Luzon. The
defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of
General Douglas MacArthur.
• Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces (about 80,000
troops, four fifths of them Filipinos) withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and
to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay where they
entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements.
 Japanese Rules for Filipinos (1941-1945)
1. Salute to the Japanese soldiers when you meet them.
2. The Japanese flag should be displayed at every house's door.
3. Everybody must put the sun-rise armband on the left arm.
4. Everybody should have the certificate of residence.
5. Wherever you see Japanese soldiers you must welcome them
and not escape from them. The escaper will be considered as the
enemy.
6. Unless you do not tell false prices you will be paid reasonable.
 Japanese Rules for Filipinos (1941-1945)
7. You are absolutely prohibited to walk until the sun-set until the sun-
rise without carrying lamps. The walker who has not lights will be shot
by the Japanese patrolling soldier without any warns.
8. Don't be fooled and bewildered by false propaganda by Communists,
bandits and Chinese
9. The incendiarism accidental fire and robbery will be punished 10.
The holding of arms is allowed by the army. But the arms-holder must
report to the mayor it and get permission from
11. The jobless people can find one's jobs in Japanese army and will
be…
12. Be obedient to the orders of governor and mayor who are
authorized
 The Japanese Influence
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines
during World War II, the Japanese influenced the
government in the Philippines by enforcing a strict
curfew, adding Japanese currency, instituting a
military government and reducing neighborhood
government systems by half. The occupation also
cost the lives of over a million people in the
Philippines.
 The Japanese Propaganda
Japanese propaganda during World War II was designed to assist the
ruling government of Japan during that time. Many of its elements were
continuous with pre-war elements of statism in Shōwa Japan, including
the principles of kokutai, hakkō ichiu, and bushido. New forms of
propaganda were developed to persuade occupied countries of the
benefits of the Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, to undermine
American troops' morale, to counteract claims of Japanese atrocities,
and to present the war to the Japanese people as victorious. It started
with the Second Sino-Japanese War, which merged into World War II.
It used a large variety of media to send its messages.
 The 2nd Philippine Republic
On September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its
director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to
elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The Assembly was
actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was
composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel
was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic
was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. &
Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. The new republic was
inaugurated on October 14, 1943, on the front steps of the
legislative building in Manila.
 The 2nd Philippine Republic
The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played.
Meanwhile, the Japanese started using propaganda to gain the trust
and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them.
They hung giant posters and distribute their materials that contains
such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the Filipinos." they also
used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea.
Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of
the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the
Filipinos.
 The 2nd Philippine Republic
The new republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943, on the
front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag
was hoisted as the national anthem was played. Meanwhile, the
Japanese started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence
of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant
posters and distribute their materials that contains such slogans as
"the Philippines belong to the Filipinos." they also used
newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea.
Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of
the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the
Filipinos.
 The Kalibapi
For the Japanese, KALIBAPI served as a labour
recruitment service in its initial stages before taking on an
expanded role in mid 1943. It was left to KALIBAPI to
write the new constitution and establish the new National
Assembly, resulting in Aquino's appointment as Speaker (as
his replacement as Director-General by Camilo Osías). All
54 members of the Assembly were KALIBAPI members,
although 33 of them had held elected office before the
invasion as well.
 The Kalibapi
KALIBAPI soon claimed a membership that ran into the
hundreds of thousands. The islands were declared officially
independent as the Second Philippine Republic on 14
October 1943 under the Presidency of José P. Laurel and his
KALIBAPI government. This had been accomplished
through the Preparatory Committee for Philippine
Independence, which KALIBAPI had established in mid-
1943 under Japanese direction.
 The Execution of Jose Abad Santos
He was killed by the Japanese because he
stood his ground for his country. He had full
authority over what's left of the Philippines
and on his capture, it was like catching the
president himself. Abad Santos choose honor
and death over a life of shame. He even saw
dying for the country as an opportunity. Such
was his patriotism; such was his heroism
during those times of war. Just like our
national hero, Jose Rizal, he was calm upon
receiving the news until the end.
“Do not cry, Pepito. Show
these people that you are
brave. It is a rare
opportunity for me to die
for our country. Not
everybody is given that
chance.”

- Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos to his son, Pepito.

 Manila declared as open city
MacArthur issued the following communiqué: “In order to spare the
Metropolitan area from ravages of attack, either by air or ground, Manila
is hereby declared an open city without the characteristics of a military
objective. In order that no excuse may be given for possible mistake, the
American high commissioner, the Commonwealth government and all
combatant military installations will be withdrawn from its environs as
rapidly as possible. The Municipal government will continue to function
with its police powers, reinforced by constabulary troops, so that the
normal protection of life and property may be preserved. Citizens are
requested to maintain obedience to constituted authorities and continue the
normal processes of business.”
 05
The Philippine
Revolution
(1896-1901)
 The Philippine Revolution
After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio
gathered his men in the hills of balintawak.
August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all
the talking. “there is no other way,” he told them,
“enough is enough!”.
The abuses of Spanish officials and priests,
Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the
rights of their fellow countrymen, Filipino's
desire to regain their independence, and
Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call
for revolution is the causes of revolution.
The cry of Puhadlawin, Bonifacio wanted the
wealthy Filipinos to help finance the Katipunan
in its struggle to free the country from Spain .He
ordered some of his trusted men to approach the
rich Filipinos Like Francisco Roxas.Some
refused to help the Katipunan,with a few
exceptions like the physician ,Dr. Pio
Valenzuela. Bonifacio decided to move to
Balintawak.He ordered his “Runners” to inform
all Katipuneros that there would be a meeting in
Balintawak with about 500 Katipuneros . This
event which happened on Aug 23,is known as
the Cry of Pugadlawin.It symbolized the
determination of the Filipinos to fight for
independence even unto death
Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to
another sitio called Pasong Tamo. The
rebels, believing their weapons were
inferior to those of the civil guards, also
retreated towards Balara, From here
they proceeded to Marikina and on to
Hagdang Bato. On Aug 28,Bonifacio
issued a manifesto telling the people to
take up the Filipino cause. He also set the
attack on the city of Manila for Aug
29,1896
 Martial Law
The first shots of the Philippine Revolution were
fired the next day between several Katipuneros
and a patrol of Spanish civil guards. That
happened in the sitio of Pasong Tamo in
Kalookan. However, the first real battle of the
revolution took place on August 30, 1896.
Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros, attacked
the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte,
which is now the municipality of San Juan in
Metro Manila. The Spaniards were outnumbered
and weak. But reinforcements turned the tide in
their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to
retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros
dead and many more captured.
The revolution spread to several Luzon
provinces nearby. This prompted Governor-
General Ramon Blanco to place the first eight
provinces to revolt against Spanish sovereignty
under martial law. They were Manila, Laguna,
Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac,
and Nueva Ecija. The revolution spread to
several Luzon provinces nearby. This prompted
Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the
first eight provinces to revolt against Spanish
sovereignty under martial law. They were
Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite,
Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.
 General Emilio Aguinaldo
• At 17 years old, he was elected a barangay head (cabeza de barangay)
• At 26 years old he became the captain (municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his
late father
• He was also elected as a President of the first Revolutionary Government by
the Tejeros Assembly
• On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was again elected President of the Biak-
nabato Republic.
• On June 23,1898 to January 23, 1899, he became president of the second
revolutionary Government.
• January 23, 1899, he became president of the first Philippine Republic
• President Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on
March 23, 1901.He surrendered, and the Philippine became a colony of the
United states
• Hilaria del Rosario-The first wife of Aguinaldo. They had seven children.
• After his first wife died, he married Maria Agoncillo.
President Aguinaldo died at the Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on February 6,
1964, at the age of 95.
 Aguinaldo and Filipinos Victory
The greatest victory in battle of the Filipino was
won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the battle of
Binakayan, Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896
The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with crude
weapons; bolos, clubs, stones, bamboo spears,
old muskets, and homemade guns (paltik).
Melchora Aquino

• Melchora' Aquino de Ramos (January 6,

1812 – March 2, 1919) was a Filipina
revolutionary who became known as
"Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of
her age.
• She is also known as the "Grand Woman
of the Revolution" and the "Mother of
Balintawak" for her contributions
 Tejeros Assembly
• On March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this time at the friar estate
house in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved even stormier than the
Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed.
• According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the
meeting had been called to adopt measure for the defense of Cavite. Again, this subject was not discussed,
and instead, the assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the officers of the
revolutionary government, thus unceremoniously discarding the Supreme Council of the Katipunan under
who's standard the people had been fighting and would continue to fight.
• Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his
election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his men who were preparing to fight the enemy, but
his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath of office, promising to take his
place and would not allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its defense. Aguinaldo then
acceded to his brother's request and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and the
others elected the previous day, with the exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.
 Tejeros Assembly
• Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men, numbering forty-five, again met at the estate-house
of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt bad about the results of the previous day's
proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting.
Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a document, now called the
Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their reasons for not adopting the results of the
convention held the previous day.
• From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as possible
from Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the commission of
anomalies during the Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to
the fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate with the newly
constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return to the revolutionary fold
headed by Aguinaldo.
 The Naik Military Agreement
• Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular election and the insult
heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they
drew up another document in which they resolved to establish a government
independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to
be organized "by persuasion or force" and a military commander of their own
choice was to take command of it.
• Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio
del Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to
the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the
revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-
armed enemy.
The Execution of Andres Bonifacio
 The Biak na Bato Republic
• Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the Spanish forces had captured Naic.
However, many of the Spanish soldiers had just arrived from Spain and they suffered greatly from
the tropical climate.
• General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as governor-general. On April 23, 1897,
he was replaced by former governor-general of the Philippines, Fernando Primo de Rivera. Against
Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and his men were forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish
forces.
• The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of Cavite. Thus, Primo de Rivera extended a
decree granting pardon for those Filipinos surrendering beyond the initial deadline of May 17.
There were some Filipinos who took advantage, but the others continued their fight.
• After the death of Bonifacio, the revolutionary went from bad to worse for thefilipinos.
• Lasted only a short time, from November 1 to December 30, 1897.
• Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the biaknabato Republic
 The Pact of Biak na Bato
• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14,
1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial
Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the
revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the
Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary
indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for
which the revolutionary government would go into
exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use
the money to purchase advance firearms and
ammunition later return to the archipelago.
• The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na Bato.
Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio
Aguinaldo with five companions
 The Failure of Truce
• The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution
was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul.
Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his revolutionary government moved
to the more secluded Biak-naBato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the
revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration
that his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain
granted political reforms. These reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and
the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos; Filipino representation in the Spanish
Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance; equality in treatment and payment for both
peninsular and insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by
Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided
there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met.
 The Failure of Truce
• The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice.
The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial
remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of
arms and the voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders.
Toward the end of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary
leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong, and they were given the initial
sum of 400,000 pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and
used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the
failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch
another offensive.
06
American Conquest
(1898-1946)
Inroduction
● The Cuban revolution against the Spaniards
broke out in 1895. The United States
supported the Cubans because the latter‟s
liberation from Spain would benefit their
trading interests.
● On February 15, 1898, the warship Maine of
the Americans was blown up in the Port of
Havana.
● On May 1, 1898, the fleet of Commodore
George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet led
by Admiral Montojo.
● On May 17, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo left Hong
Kong aboard the US ship McCulloch.
● Although he was assured by Dewey that the
US had no plans to colonize the Philippines,
unknown to him, US forged an agreement with
General Fermin Jaudines where:
– A mock battle between the Spaniards and the
Americans would be conducted.
– The Spaniards would surrender to the American
troops.
– The Filipinos would not be allowed to participate
in the Spaniards‟ surrender.
 Mock Battle in Manila
• It began on August 13, 1897, at around 9:30 am by the bombing of Olympia in
Fort San Antonio Abad.
• After an hour, General Greenes forces attacked from Malate. General Arthur
MacArthur troops advanced from Singalong.
• By 11:20AM, the Spaniards waved their flag of surrender.
 Treaty of Paris
The Peace Commission is composed of:

5 Spaniards:
• Eugenio Montero Ríos
• Buenaventura de Abarzuza
• José de Garnica
• Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa
• Urrutia Rafael Cerero
• On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed. It
stated that Spain would turn over the Philippines to the
5 Americans:
• William R. Day United States in exchange of $20,000,000.
• William P. Frye • US would recognize the rights of Spaniards to sell their
• Cushman Kellogg Davis goods in the Philippines in the next ten years.
• George Gray • This anti-Filipino treaty proved that US imperialists had
never recognized the Republic of the Philippines.
• Whitelaw Reid
 The Philippine Independence

• On July 12, 1898, Philippine independence was declared in Kawit, Cavite.

• It was the first time, the Philippine flag made in Hongkong by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo was
unfurled, while the “Marcha Nacional Filipina”, a composition of Juan Felipe, was playing.
• The Declaration of Independence was written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.
• Aguinaldo established a republic that was not sovereign, but a mere “protectorate”, under the
protection of United States.
 Revolutionary Government
• On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree establishing the Revolutionary
Government.

• The decree created four agencies of the government:

-Department of Foreign Relations, Navy and Commerce
- Department of War and Public Works
- Department of Police, Internal Order, Justice, Education and Cleanliness
-Department of Finance, Agriculture and Industry and Manufacturing.

• It also created the Congress which was tasked to look after the people‟s
interests, implement the revolutionary laws, uphold agreements and debts, study
and affirm the reports of the Secretary of Finance and new taxes.
 The Malolos Constitution
• On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution. It was
drafted by the Constitutional committee created by the Congress.
• It created a state with the government divided into three branches: executive,
legislative and judicial. The legislative, which was composed of the Assembly of
Representatives, was the most powerful.
The Constitution was also firm on the following important provisions:
-Separation of the church and state
-Recognition of each other‟s situation
-Free public education at the primary level
-Protection of lives, homes and properties
-Collection of taxes as mandated by law
• On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo founded the Republic of the Philippines. He
was also the first President of the Republic of the Philippines
 The Outbreak of Filipino-American war
• The flames of war were ignited on the eve of
February 4, 1899.
• Private Willie Grayson‟s group patrolled at
San Juan.
• Grayson fired at a Filipino soldier, prompting
an exchange of fires between two groups.
• Gen. MacArthur ordered to or assault the
Filipino troops.
• Aguinaldo to Otis: “I had not ordered the
Filipino soldiers to fire” and “Armed fighting
must be stopped.”
 The Hunt and the Capture of Aguinaldo
• When the anticipated reinforcement of
the US troops arrived, the aggressors
intensified the hunt for Aguinaldo.
• When General Luna died, a good part
of Filipino troops lost heart.
• When Aguinaldo found this out, he
escaped, hid and chose difficult area to
• Finally, Aguinaldo fell into the hands of Americans, but the
assault.
other generals continued the struggles.
• In order to capture not just Aguinaldo, • US imperialism only managed to colonize the Philippines
but the whole land, the Americans made after thorough and merciless wars.
an extra effort to use wealthy Filipino • 130,000 US troops ( seven thousand were killed and
traitors. wounded) vs 7 M Filipinos (more than 50,000 were killed).
• They used several methods of cruelty: massacre, rape,
zoning, torture and concentration camps.
 INDEPENDENCE MISSIONS
• The first official and clear response to the call for independence was the Jones Law of
1916 which replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. It established for the first time an
elected upper house, which would eventually become the Philippine Senate.

• The Philippine Legislature constituted the Independence commission which

recommended sending Independence Missions to the United States.

• In 1919, Senate President Quezon led the first Independence Mission. Unfortunately, it
was not entertained by US President Woodrow Wilson.

• In all, eleven Independence Missions was sent annually. The government shouldered the
huge costs of the missions until Insular Auditor Ben Wright disallowed the spending of
public funds for such.
 HARE-HAWES-CUTTING ACT AND
TYDINGSMCDUFFIE ACT on PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
• The ninth Mission known as “OSROX” (Osmeña and Roxas)
brought home the Hare-HawesCutting Act.
• After that, Quezon, in his solo Independence Mission, asked for
another law that will grant freedom to the Filipinos. He successfully
brought home the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934.
• The Tydings- McDuffie Act allowed for a ten-year transition under
a Philippine Commonwealth in preparing for the granting of
freedom on July 4, 1946.
• Pursuant to the new Act, and after American Governor General
Frank Murphy set the elections for the delegates to the convention in
1934, the Philippine Legislature called for a convention to draft a
Constitution.
• After six months, the Convention finished and agreed on the
Philippine Constitution in February 1935.
Commonwealth of the Philippines

• First election - September 1935

• Quezon and Osmeῆa joined forces against the
Nationalist Socialist Party and Republican Party
victory
• Commonwealth Government was inaugurated
in Manila
• Sec. George Dern (Secretary of War) read the
proclamation under the Jones Law:
– Ending the US government in the Phil.
– Start of Phil. Commonwealth
 Changes During the Commonwealth Period

• Establishment of Phil. Congress

– Senate
– House of Representatives
• Quezon reorganized gov‟t bureaucracy
new departments formed:
– Finance, Interior, Justice, Defense,
Commerce, etc.
• Filipinos oversaw the affairs of the gov‟t but still, all major • Court of Appeals & Court of Industrial
decisions had to be approved first by the U.S. Relations were added.
• Economic set-up was retained. – Increase in judges‟ salaries
• Free trade was extended until Dec. 31, 1960 • National Defense Act
• Intensification of production and Phil. consumption from the – first law passed by Commonwealth.
U.S.
• Philippine trade increased.
• Development of mining industry
• Revision of taxation
 07
Presidents of The
Philippines
 Emilio Aguinaldo Manuel Quezon Jose P. Laurel
Took office: January 23, 1899 Took office: November 15, 1935 Took office: October 14, 1943
Left office: April 1, 1901 Left office: August 1, 1944 Left office: August 17, 1945

Sergio Osmeña Manuel Roxas Elpidio Quirino

Took office: August 1. 1944 Took office: May 28, 1946 Took office: April 17, 1948
Left office: May 28, 1946 Left office: April 15, 1948 Left office: December 30, 1953
 Ramon Magsaysay Carlos P. Garcia Diosdado Macapagal
Took office: December 30, 1953 Took office: March 18, 1957 Took office: December 30, 1961
Left office: March 17, 1957 Left office: December 30, 1961 Left office: December 30, 1965

Ferdinand Marcos Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos

Took office: December 30, 1965 Took office: February 25, 1986 Took office: June 30, 1992
Left office: February 25, 1986 Left office: June 30, 1992 Left office: June 30, 1998
 Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal Aroyo
Took office: June 30, 1998 Took office: June 20, 2001
Left office: June 20, 2001 Left office: June 30, 2010

Benigno Aquino III Rodrigo Duterte

Took office: June 30, 2010 Took office: June 30, 2016
Left office: June 30, 2016 Left office: Incumbent
 08
Preamble
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES –
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall
embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony,
and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the
blessings of independence and democracy under the
rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate
this Constitution.
THANK YOU!!!