ICT AND MULTIMEDIA

EXPLAIN THE INFORMATION TYPE OF IMAGE

 Bitmaps

Color Raster

IMAGES

Drawing
Vector

Rendering
 BITMAPS
•File format for digital images
•Derived from the word 'bit’ to which means the
simplest element in which only two digits are used
•'map’ is a two dimensional matrix of these bits
•Bitmaps can be compressed or uncompressed
•Is a computer file used to store a picture.
•Consists of tiny blocks called pixels
4 x 3 pixel image = 12 pixels total
EXAMPLE
CAN BE INSERTED BY USING
• Clip art galleries
• Bitmaps software
• Capturing and editing images
• Scanning images
FILE FORMAT BITMAPS
• BMP
• Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
• Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
• Exchangeable Image File (EXIF)
• Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
• Tag Image File Format (TIFF)
 RASTER
• A raster graphic is a bitmap image that represents generally rectangular grid
of pixels, viewable via a computer display, paper, or other display medium.
• A raster is technically characterized by the width and height of the image in
pixels and by the number of bits per pixel.
• Are stored in image files with varying dissemination, production, generation,
and acquisition formats.
EXAMPLE
 VECTOR
Programs like Flash draw using vectors.

A very simple vector drawing might look like thi

In a vector drawing, you create control points.

The lines in a vector drawing are created by the

software and join up the control points that the user
has drawn.
• Use most in drawing.
ADVANTAGES OF VECTOR
• Resolution independent
- Regardless of how much the image is enlarged or reduced, the image
definition and quality remain the same

• Small file size

- Easily transferred over the internet
DISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR
• Lower color quality than raster image
- They do not support as many colors

• Not good for photographic images

POPULAR VECTOR GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• Xara Xtreme
• Adobe illustrator
• Corel draw
• Inkscape
FILE FORMAT VECTOR
• SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics
• EPS: Encapsulated PostScript
• PDF: Portable Document Format
• AI: Adobe Illustrator
EXAMPLE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BITMAPS AND VECTOR
EXAMPLE
RENDERING
• The process involved in the generation of a two-dimensional or
three-dimensional image from a model by means of application
programs.
• Mostly used in architectural designs, video games, and animated
movies, simulators, TV special effects and design visualization.
• The techniques and features used vary according to the project.
• Helps increase efficiency and reduce cost in design.
 Type of rendering
Real time
rendering
☬ The prominent rendering technique
using in interactive graphics and gaming
where images must be created at a rapid
pace. Because user interaction is high in
such environments, real-time image
creation is required. Dedicated graphics
hardware and pre-compiling of the
available information has improved the
performance of real-time rendering.
☬ real-time rendering is often done for
3D video games.
Pre-rendering
☬ This rendering technique is
used in environments where
speed is not a concern and the
image calculations are
performed using multi-core
central processing units rather
than dedicated graphics
hardware. This rendering
technique is mostly used in
animation and visual effects,
where photorealism needs to be
at the highest standard
possible.
THREE MAJOR COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES USED ARE:
• Scanline
• Raytracing
• Radiosity
RENDERING TECHNIQUES
• The basic types of rendering techniques are hatching, cross
hatching, scribbling and stippling
HATCHING
• Series of closely spaced parallel lines of regular or irregular marks in an area to
create tones 
• its main idea is that the quantity, thickness and spacing
 of the lines will affect
the tonal values of the overall image, and emphasize forms and not just shape.  
CROSS HATCHING
• Where layers of parallel linear lines are drawn overlapping or
in changing directions.
• They may drawn vertically and horizontally or diagonally at
an angle.
SCRIBBLING
• Circular scribbling is the most common type of scribbling.
• Scribbling is a quick way of filling in drawing.
• This technique is ost commonly seen in sketches due to its
speed and lack of detail.
STIPPLING
• It is the technique of using dots to shade an area. The closer
the dots are and the more populated an area of the image is,
the darker it looks.
• This technique takes the most time and looks best from far
away.
PROSES OF RENDERING
DRAWING TECHNIQUES
• The basic types of drawing techniques are hatching, cross hatching, random
lines, stippling, Circling, Blanding and rendering
HATCHING
CROSS HATCHING
RANDOM LINES
• If speed is what you’re after, then using random or squiggly lines may be the
technique that you choose. Value is achieved with this method by applying
random lines. Just like with hatching and crosshatching, the frequency of
crossing lines affects the values created. This technique is great for quick
sketching and for creating interesting textures.
STIPPLING
CIRCLING
• We can control the tone produced by simply adjusting the amount of pressure
placed on the pencil. To create smooth transitions of value and control the
texture produced, we can make small circular strokes with the pencil. This
technique call “circling”. It’s important to note that you shouldn’t make small
circles with visible lines. Instead, move the pencil in a circular motion when
adding pressure. A duller pencil works best for this approach.
As you can see in the image below, the texture, or tooth, of the paper plays a
role in the resulting image. The texture of the paper will be visible when this
technique is used. If you want a smoother appearance, then choose a smoother
paper.
BLENDING
• Can take on many forms.
• Some artists simply prefer to vary the amount of pressure put on
the pencil to change the amount of material applied, as we see
with “circling”.
• Some artists use their fingers to blend the graphite after it is
applied to the surface although I highly discourage this
technique.
• You have more control with the pencil that you do with your
fingers. Also, your fingers add oils to the graphite, which usually
results in a mess.
RENDERING
• Another drawing technique is “rendering”.

• Rendering occurs when you use an eraser to draw. This

usually means that the artist applies graphite to the surface
and then removes some of it to create lighter values and
highlights.

• It is a process of both addition and subtraction. An eraser is

used, but additional graphite is added to create darker tones.

• Rendering usually results in a “smokey”, atmospheric look.

After use all techniques drawing
COLOR TECHNIQUES
• Understanding Natural light and color
• Color palettes
UNDERSTANDING NATURAL LIGHT AND COLOR
• Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the
electromagnetic spectrum,to which the human eye responds
• Addtive color
• Subtractive color
• Monitor-specific color
• Color model
ADDITIVE COLOR
• n the additive color method, a color is created by combining colored light
sources in three primary color- red, green, and blue (RGB)
• TV and computer monitors use this method

SUBTRACTIVE COLOR

• Color created by combining colored media such as paints or ink

• The colored media obsorb (or subtract) some parts of the eye
MONITOR-SPECIFIC COLOR
• Colour should be used according to the target audience
monitor specification
• The preferred monitor resolution is 800X600 pixels
• The preferred color depth is 32 bits
COLOR MODELS
Models used to specify color in computer terms are:
• RGB model – A 24-bit methodology where color is
specified in terms of red ,green amd blue values
ranging from 0 to 255
• HSB and HSL models – color is specified as an
angle from 0 to 360 degrees on a color wheel
• Other models include CMYK ,CIE , YIQ AND HSL
YCC
COLOUR PALETTES
Dithering
• Dithering is a proces whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the
closest matching color value in the target palette
• This is done using a mathematical algorithm
IMAGE FILE TYPE USED IN MULTIMEDIA
• Macintosh formats
•Windows formats
•Cross-platform formats
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