GROUP 7

LABOR BIRTH AND LACTATIO

EDMUND REVILLA PERRY JOY MANAAY CRIZZLE ELIVERA

&
HENRY BANEZ
LABOR
By: Edmund G. Revilla
 LABOR
AKA PARTURITION
*HARD WORK of DELIVERING a BABY*

STARTS
Þ Uterine Contractions

DELIVERY of FETUS

ENDS
Þ DELIVERY of PLACENTA
 THIRD TRIMASTER (before labor starts)

Plug of MUCOS and AMNIONATIC SAC

BLOOD. RAPRURE
“bloody show” “WATER BREAKING”

FALSE LABOR CONSTRACTIONS

*“Braxton-Hicks Contractions”*

True Labor Contractions

Þ Progress in Frequency Duration
and Intensity
STAGES OF LABOR
FIRST STAGE
SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES
1. EARLY PHASE
(LATENT PHASE)
2. ACTIVE PHASE
SECOND STAGE
DELIVERY
THIRD STAGE
DELIVERY OF PLACENTA
 First stage
“Subdivided into two phases”
1. EARLY PHASE (LATENT) 2. Active phase

Thinning Effacement of Cervix Þ DIATATION UP

Þ DIALATATION STAGE 1 10CM
DIATATION UP TO 3CM => Divided into Latent and Active phase Regular
Painful Contractions with Thinning, Effacement of
the Cervix => 10 CM Dilatation
Second stage Third stage
 Delivery  Delivery of placenta

• Cervix is Fully Dilated (10 • Placenta Separates from

cm) and the Baby is Born Uterine Wall and carefully
Removed
 Labor is known as the hard work of the mother. Contractions/dilation

LABOR can be very painful. There are several methods that can help the
mother manage the pain.

Although medications can

control pain, there is risk that
the baby will be affected and
become groggy.

Medications include the following:

 Narcotics
 Nitrous oxide
 Epidural
NATURAL PAIN RELIEF OPTIONS

• PATTERNED BREATHING
• LAMAZE
• HYDROTHERAPY
• TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE
STIMULATION (TENS)
• HYPNOSIS
• ACUPUNCTURE
• MASSAGE
 POSITIVE
FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
 U 
YO
N K
THA
PROCESS OF
BIRTH
By: Perry Joy Manaay
In the second stage of parturition,
the baby is expelled from the
womb through the vagina by both
the uterine contractions and by
the additional maternal efforts of
pushing or "bearing down".
When the head is first visible, it is
called “crowning”.
 Vaginal delivery accounts for 3
out of every 4 births in the
United States.

Most remaining
vernix caseosa is
rubbed off during
delivery.

A cephalic birth position

is one that is head-first!
 The mother may stand with her legs apart,
squat, lean over, recline backward or lie down
with legs supported to facilitate the delivery.
• When the amniotic sac has not
ruptured during labor or
pushing, the infant can be born
with the membranes intact.
• This is referred to as “being born
in the caul”. The caul is
harmless and it’s membranes are
easily broken and wiped away.
In medieval times, and in some
cultures still today, a caul was
seen as a sign of good fortune
for the baby, in some cultures
was seen as protection against
drowning, and the caul was often
impressed onto paper and stored
away as an heirloom for the
child.
 The fontanelles actually allow the skull to change to a new shape,
so it can emerge through the small cervical opening. This is called
“molding” of the head. This change in the shape of the skull will go
back to it’s original appearance in a few hours up to a few days.
Immediately following delivery, if not during, a bulb syringe is used to
suction mucous from the throat and nasal passages. It’s important that
those first breaths be deep and clear. Healthy, loud cries assure that!
 The umbilical cord is connected at baby’s
navel. The cord must be clamped and cut. (or
tied off) Then another small plastic clamp is
used, placed close to baby’s tummy.
 Stage 3 of childbirth follows delivery of the
baby…it is the delivery of the afterbirth.
After the placenta is delivered, it should be inspected for size, shape,
consistency, and completeness. A one minute, thorough examination to detect
normalcy or abnormalities may be critical in the management of mother and
baby. An abnormal placenta may be one of the first indications that mother or
baby has a problem.
 Soon after birth,
information will be
gathered for baby’s
official birth certificate.
This becomes a matter of
permanent public record;
make sure it is correct,
including spellings! It’s
time to name the baby!
Identification wrist or
ankle bands are secured,
as well as foot prints.
BIRTHING
METHODS
BY: HENRY BANEZ
 WHAT ARE THE
TYPES OF
DELIVERY?

• Unassisted Vaginal Delivery

• Natural Childbirth
VAGINAL DELIVERY

is the most common and safest type of

childbirth. You’ll probably hear the term
“natural childbirth” used to describe a
vaginal delivery without medication for
pain or to start or speed up labour. Some
mothers will still choose to have other
medical help during labour like a
monitor for the baby’s heart.
 ASSISTED VAGINAL
DELIVERY
Also known as instrumental delivery. It is when the
forceps or a ventouse suction cup are used to help
deliver the baby. Ventouse and forceps are safe and
only used when necessary for your baby. Assisted
delivery is less common in women who’ve had a
spontaneous vaginal birth before.
FORCEPS DELIVERY
SOMETIMES THE DOCTOR
HAS TO USE FORCEPS
(INSTRUMENTS RESEMBLING
LARGE SPOONS) TO CUP YOUR
BABY'S HEAD AND HELP
GUIDE THE BABY THROUGH
THE BIRTH CANAL.
VACUUM EXTRACTION
VACUUM DELIVERY IS
SIMILAR TO FORCEPS
DELIVERY. IN THIS
PROCEDURE, THE DOCTOR
USES SUCTION TO APPLY A
PLASTIC CUP TO THE BABY'S
HEAD AND GENTLY PULL THE
BABY FROM THE BIRTH
EPISIOTOMY
• THIS IS A SURGICAL CUT IN THE
TISSUE BETWEEN YOUR VAGINAL
OPENING AND ANUS. THIS TISSUE IS
CALLED THE PERINEUM. DOCTORS
ONCE THOUGHT IT PREVENTED
LARGE VAGINAL TEARS DURING
CHILDBIRTH, BUT NEWER RESEARCH
SUGGESTS THAT’S NO LONGER TRUE.
TODAY, MANY DOCTORS WILL ONLY
DO THE PROCEDURE IF THEY NEED
TO QUICKLY DELIVER YOUR BABY.
AMNIOTOMY
• THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
“BREAKING YOUR WATER.” THE
DOCTOR USES A SMALL PLASTIC
HOOK TO MAKE AN OPENING IN
YOUR AMNIOTIC SAC. YOU MAY
FEEL A WARM RUSH OF FLUID.
INDUCED LABOR

• THIS IS WHEN THE DOCTOR

STARTS CONTRACTIONS
BEFORE LABOR BEGINS ON
ITS OWN. THEY MAY
SUGGEST THIS IF THEY’RE
CONCERNED ABOUT YOUR
OR YOUR BABY’S HEALTH.
 • VAGINAL DELIVERY MAY NOT ALWAYS BE POSSIBLE. CAESAREAN
DELIVERY (C-SECTION) MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THE SAFETY OF YOU

CESAREAN
AND YOUR BABY, ESPECIALLY FOR ONE OR MORE OF THESE REASONS:
• YOUR BABY ISN’T IN THE HEAD-DOWN POSITION. INSTEAD, THEY ARE IN

DELIVERY A BREECH OR TRANSVERSE POSITION.

• THE BABY IS TOO LARGE TO PASS THROUGH THE PELVIS.
• YOUR BABY IS IN DISTRESS.

• YOU’RE CARRYING MORE THAN ONE BABY.

• YOUR PLACENTA COVERS THE OPENING OF YOUR CERVIX. THIS IS
CALLED PLACENTA PREVIA.
• YOUR LABOR ISN’T PROGRESSING.
• THE UMBILICAL CORD SLIPS THROUGH YOUR CERVIX BEFORE THE BABY
DOES.
• YOUR PLACENTA HAS SEPARATED FROM THE INNER WALL OF YOUR
UTERUS BEFORE DELIVERY. THIS IS A PLACENTAL ABRUPTION.
• YOU’VE HAD A PREVIOUS C-SECTION.
NEWBORN
SCREENIN
G
BY: HENRY BANEZ
 WHAT IS NEWBORN SCREENING?
• •NEWBORN SCREENING IS A SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING GENETIC AND OTHER
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN NEWBORNS THAT LEADS TO OVERALL IMPROVEMENT IN THE
PUBLIC HEALTH.
• NBS TESTS LOOK FOR SERIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL, GENETIC, AND METABOLIC
DISORDERS SO THAT IMPORTANT ACTION CAN BE TAKEN DURING THE CRITICAL
TIME BEFORE SYMPTOMS DEVELOP.
• CHALLENGES FOR DIAGNOSIS ARE RESTRICTIONS ON BLOOD VOLUME,
DIFFICULTIES IN BLOOD SAMPLING, LACK OF APPROPRIATE REFERENCE VALUES,
AND DISORDERS UNIQUE TO THE NEWBORN.
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF NEWBORN
SCREENING?
• THE PURPOSE OF NEWBORN SCREENING IS TO DETECT
POTENTIALLY FATAL OR DISABLING CONDITIONS IN NEWBORNS AS
EARLY AS POSSIBLE, OFTEN BEFORE THE INFANT DISPLAYS ANY
SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS OF A DISEASE OR CONDITION.
• SUCH EARLY DETECTION ALLOWS TREATMENT TO BEGIN
IMMEDIATELY, WHICH REDUCES OR EVEN ELIMINATES THE EFFECTS
OF THE CONDITION.
• MANY OF THE CONDITIONS DETECTABLE IN NEWBORN SCREENING,
IF LEFT UNTREATED, HAVE SERIOUS SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTS,
SUCH AS LIFELONG NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE; INTELLECTUAL,
DEVELOPMENTAL, AND PHYSICAL DISABILITIES; AND EVEN DEATH.
 WHAT ARE THE SCREENING
PROCEDURES?
 There are three parts to newborn screening: the blood
test (or heel stick); the hearing screen; and pulse oximetry.

NBS
Newborn Screening

BLOOD TEST HEARING SCREEN PULSE OXIMETRY

 BLOOD TEST( HEEL STICK)

• FIRST, A PHYSICIAN, NURSE, MIDWIFE, OR OTHER TRAINED

MEMBER OF THE HOSPITAL STAFF WILL FILL OUT A NEWBORN
SCREENING CARD.

• During the blood test, which is

sometimes called a heel stick, the
baby’s heel will be pricked to collect a
small sample of blood.
• Parents are welcome to be a part of
this process by holding their baby
while the heel stick is performed.
Studies show that when mothers or
health professionals comfort babies
during this process, the babies are
less likely to cry.
 NEWBORN SCREENING CARD
FILTER PAPER TO COLLECT THE BABY’S BLOOD SAMPLE

• The other part is for

important information for
the lab performing the
screen, such as the baby’s
name, sex, weight,
date/time of birth,
date/time of heel stick
collection, and date/time of
first feeding.
• It will also include the
contact information of the
parents and the baby’s 
primary care provider for
the follow-up results.
HEARING SCREEN

• TWO DIFFERENT TESTS CAN BE USED

TO SCREEN FOR HEARING LOSS IN
BABIES.
• BOTH TESTS ARE QUICK (5-10
MINUTES), SAFE AND COMFORTABLE
WITH NO ACTIVITY REQUIRED FROM
YOUR CHILD. IN FACT, THESE TESTS
ARE OFTEN PERFORMED WHILE A
BABY IS ASLEEP. ONE OR BOTH TESTS
MAY BE USED.
 OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS (OAE) TEST

• THIS TEST IS USED TO DETERMINE IF CERTAIN PARTS OF THE

BABY’S EAR RESPOND TO SOUND.
• DURING THE TEST, A MINIATURE EARPHONE AND MICROPHONE
ARE PLACED IN THE EAR AND SOUNDS ARE PLAYED.
• WHEN A BABY HAS NORMAL HEARING, AN ECHO IS REFLECTED
BACK INTO THE EAR CANAL, WHICH CAN BE MEASURED BY THE
MICROPHONE. IF NO ECHO IS DETECTED, IT CAN INDICATE
HEARING LOSS.
 AUDITORY BRAIN STEM RESPONSE (ABR)
TEST

• This test is used to evaluate the auditory brain stem (the part of the
nerve that carries sound from the ear to the brain) and the brain’s
response to sound.
• During this test, miniature earphones are placed in the ear and sounds
are played. Band-Aid-like electrodes are placed along the baby’s head
to detect the brain’s response to the sounds.
• If the baby’s brain does not respond consistently to the sounds, there
may be a hearing problem.
PULSE OXIMETRY TESTING
• PULSE OXIMETRY, OR PULSE OX, IS A 
NON-INVASIVE TEST THAT MEASURES HOW
MUCH OXYGEN IS IN THE BLOOD. 
• INFANTS WITH HEART PROBLEMS MAY HAVE
LOW BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS, AND THEREFORE,
THE PULSE OX TEST CAN HELP IDENTIFY BABIES
THAT MAY HAVE CRITICAL CONGENITAL HEART
DISEASE (CCHD).  THE TEST IS DONE USING A
MACHINE CALLED A PULSE OXIMETER, USING A
PAINLESS SENSOR PLACED ON THE BABY’S SKIN.
• THE PULSE OX TEST ONLY TAKES A COUPLE OF
MINUTES AND IS PERFORMED AFTER THE BABY
IS 24 HOURS OLD AND BEFORE HE OR SHE
LEAVES THE NEWBORN NURSERY.
LACTATION
BY: CRIZZLE R.
ELIVERA
 At the end of the lesson the students should
be able to;
• Learn the process of lactation and;
• The Advantages and Disadvantages of
breastfeeding and bottle feeding.
What is Lactation?
Lactation is the secretion of milk
from specialized glands (mammary
glands) to provide nourishment to
offspring.

 In humans, the process of feeding

milk is called breastfeeding or
nursing.

It involves prolactin and oxytocin

Milk comes out of the mother’s Platypus Male Dayak Bat
nipples
 Preparation for
Lactation
Lactation and milk production goes
into 3 stages;
 Lactogenesis I
 Lactogenesis II
 Lactogenesis III

Colostrum- A first milk that baby

receives.
 PROCESS
OF
LACTATION
 VS
.

Breast Bottle
Feeding feeding
 Breast Feeding
Pros
Breast feeding is free.
Breast milk doesn’t require any
preparation.
Has all the nutrients and promotes a
healthy digestive system
Strengthens baby’s immune system and
might boost IQ.
Nigh time feedings are faster and easier
Cons
You may feel discomfort, particularly
during first few days or weeks.
There isn’t a way to measure how much
your baby is eating
You’ll need to watch your medication use,
caffeine, and alcohol intake.
Newborns eat frequently.
Breastfeeding can be painful
It can be stressful.
Requires healthy lifestyle choices
 Bottle Feeding
Pros
A family member or caretaker can feed your
baby when you aren’t able to be there.
You can see how much your baby is eating at
each feeding.
Babies eating formula don’t need to eat as often
as breastfed babies.
Fathers, siblings, and other family members get
the chance to bond with baby during feeding
time.
Anyone can feed the baby
The mother’s health condition doesn’t affect the
baby.
Cons
Formula doesn’t provide the same protection
against infections, diseases, and conditions as
breast milk.
You need to mix and prepare formula to make
sure it’s the correct temperature.
Bottles, formula, rubber nipples, and breast
pumps can be expensive.
Formula can cause digestive trouble like
constipation and gas.
Powdered formula requires access to clean
water, which may be a health issue depending on
where you live.
Bottle feeding is inconvenient
THAN
K
YOU!!!