CHAPTER 3 : MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND

TRANSPORT.

1. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL.

2. MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCE ACROSS
MEMBRANE.
3. CONCEPTS OF WATER, SOLUTE AND
PRESSURE POTENTIAL.
 Effect of osmosis on blood
cells under different
solutions.

A diffusion process. Some particles (red)

are dissolved in a glass of water. Initially,
the particles are all near one corner of the
glass. If the particles all randomly move
around ("diffuse") in the water, then the
particles will eventually become
distributed randomly and uniformly (but
diffusion will still continue to occur, just
that there will be no net flux).
Facilitated diffusion
 Effect of different solutions on blood cells

Plant cell under different environments

The action of the sodium-potassium pump is an example
of primary active transport.
• Mechanism
• The pump, with bound ATP, binds 3 intracellular Na+ ions.
• ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at
a highly conserved aspartate residue and subsequent release
of ADP.[citation needed]
• A conformational change in the pump exposes the Na+ ions
to the outside. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a
low affinity for Na+ ions, so they are released.[citation needed]
• The pump binds 2 extracellular K+ ions. This causes the
dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous
conformational state, transporting the K+ ions into the cell.[
citation needed]

• The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity

for Na+ ions than K+ ions, so the two bound K+ ions are
released. ATP binds, and the process starts again.[citation needed]
Secondary active transport
• Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in
which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters
 and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by secreting
them through an energy-dependent process.
• Exocytosis is in process a large amount of molecules are
released thus making it a form of bulk transport.
• In exocytosis, membrane-bound secretory vesicles are
carried to the cell membrane, and their contents (i.e., water-
soluble molecules) are secreted into the extracellular
environment.
• This secretion is possible because the vesicle transiently fuses
 with the plasma membrane.
• In the context of neurotransmission, neurotransmitters are
typically released from synaptic vesicles into the 
synaptic cleft via exocytosis;
Neuron A (transmitting) to neuron B (receiving)
1. Mitochondrion
2. synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters
3. Autoreceptor
4. Synapse with neurotransmitter released (serotonin)
5. Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitter (induction of a postsynaptic
potential)
6. Calcium channel
7. Exocytosis of a vesicle
8. Recaptured neurotransmitter