ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 1

402058

Diodes
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This slide is adopted from lecture slides of

Microelectronic Circuits Text by Sedra and Smith,
Oxford Publishing.

Oxford University Publishing

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith (0195323033)

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 INTRODUCTION

 IN THIS CHAPTER WE WILL LEARN

 The characteristics of the ideal diode
 How to analyze and design diode circuits
 The details of the i-v characteristic of the junction
diode
 How to analyze diode circuits operating in the
various bias regions

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 INTRODUCTION

 A characteristic in the forward direction: the

constant-voltage-drop model
 DC-biasing the diode
 The use of Zener diodes to provide constant dc
voltages (voltage regulators)
 Application of the diode in the design of rectifier
circuits
 A number of other practical and important
applications
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 1. DIODE & SYMBOL

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 2. IDEAL DIODE

mode #2: mode #1:

reverse bias = forward bias =
device symbol open ckt short ckt
with two nodes

figure 4.1.

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 2.1. CURRENT-VOLTAGE
CHARACTERISTIC

 External circuit should

be designed to limit…
 current flow across
conducting diode
 voltage across
blocking diode
 Examples are shown to
right…

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 2.2. A SIMPLE APPLICATION
THE RECTIFIER

 One fundamental
application of this
piecewise linear
behavior is the rectifier.
 Q: What is a rectifier?
 A: Circuit which
converts AC waves in Rectifier Circuit
to DC…ideally with
no loss.
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 2.2. A SIMPLE APPLICATION
THE RECTIFIER

 This circuit is composed

of diode and series
resistor.
 Q: How does this circuit
operate?

Rectifier Circuit

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 EXAMPLE 4.1: DIODE RECTIFIER

 Consider the circuit of Figure on

the right. A source (vS) with peak
amplitude of 24V is employed to
charge a 12V dc-battery.
 Q(a): Find the fraction of each
cycle during which the diode
conducts.
 Q(b): Find peak value of
diode current and maximum
reverse-bias voltage that
appears across the diode.

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 2.3. ANOTHER APPLICATION
DIODE LOGIC GATES

 Q: How may diodes be

used to create logic
gates?
 A: Examples of
AND / OR gates are
shown right.
Diode logic gates: (a) OR
gate; (b) AND gate (in a
positive-logic system).
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 3. TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF JUNCTION DIODES
 Most common
implementation of a
diode utilizes pn
junction.
 I-V curve consists of
three characteristic
regions
 forward bias: V  V
D 
 reverse bias: V  V
D 

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 4. MODELING THE DIODE FORWARD
CHARACTERISTIC

 Q: How can one

analyze these diode-
based circuits more
efficiently?

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 4.3.6. IDEAL DIODE MODEL

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 mode #2: reverse mode #1: forward
bias = open ckt bias = short ckt

device symbol
with two nodes

figure 4.1.

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 5. RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

 One important application of diode is the rectifier –

 Electrical device which converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC)
 One important application of rectifier is dc power
supply.

Block diagram of a dc power supply

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 step #1: increase / decrease rms magnitude of
AC wave via power transformer
step #2: convert full-wave AC to half-wave DC
(still time-varying and periodic)
step #3: employ low-pass filter to reduce wave
amplitude by > 90%
step #4: employ voltage regulator to eliminate
ripple
step #5: supply dc load
.

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Block diagram of a dc power supply
 5.1. THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

 Half-wave rectifier
– utilizes only
alternate half-cycles
of the input sinusoid
 Constant voltage
drop diode model
is employed.

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 5.2. THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

 Q: How does full-wave rectifier differ from

half-wave?

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 The key here is center-tapping of the transformer,
allowing “reversal” of certain currents…

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 5.2. THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

 Q: What are most important observation(s)

from this operation?

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 THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

 An alternative
implementation of
the full-wave rectifier
is bridge rectifier.
 Shown to right.

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 THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER (BR)

 Q: What is the main advantage of BR?

 Q: What is main disadvantage?

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 THE RECTIFIER WITH A FILTER
CAPACITOR

 Pulsating nature of
rectifier output
makes unreliable dc
supply.
 As such, a filter
capacitor is
employed to remove
ripple.
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output voltage for state #1
    
vO  t   v I  t 
t

vO  t   Vpeak e RC
      
output voltage for state #2

Voltage and Current Waveforms in the Peak Rectifier Circuit

13/3/2016 WITH RC >> T. –The
402058 diode
Chap 2: Diodes is assumed ideal. 25
 5.3. LIMITING AND
CLAMPING CIRCUITS

 Q: What is a limiter
circuit?
 A: One which
limits voltage
output.

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 5.3. LIMITING AND
CLAMPING CIRCUITS

 Q: How are limiter circuits applied?

 A: Signal processing, used to prevent
breakdown of transistors within various
devices.

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single limiters
employ one
diode
double limiters
employ two
diodes of
opposite polarity
linear range may
be controlled via
string of diodes
and dc sources
zener diodes may
be used to
implement soft
limiting
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Variety of basic limiting circuits.
 THE CLAMPED CAPACITOR OR DC
RESTORER

 Q: What is a dc restorer?
 A: Circuit which removes the
dc component of an AC wave.

 Q: Why is this ability important?

 A: Average value of this
output (w/ dc = 0) is effective
way to measure duty cycle

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 5.4. THE VOLTAGE DOUBLER

 Q: What is a voltage
doubler?
 A: One which
multiplies the
amplitude of a
wave or signal by 2

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 HOMEWORK

Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7e.

Chap 4 problems
4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.10, 4.11, 4.13
4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44
4.67 (b,c,d), 4.70, 4.71, 4.72, 4.73
Fig. 4.87: I/P: sine wave/ square wave, sketch OP
4.92, 4.93

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 6. OPERATION IN THE REVERSE
BREAKDOWN REGION
ZENER DIODES

 Under certain circumstances, diodes may be

intentionally used in the reverse breakdown
region.
 These are referred to as Zener Diodes.

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 6. OPERATION IN THE REVERSE
BREAKDOWN REGION
ZENER DIODES

 Diode: only forward and

reverse regions are
considered
 Zener diode: forward,
reverse and breakdown
regions

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 6.1 V-I CHARACTERISTICS

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 6.2 ZENER CIRCUIT MODEL

VZ  ???

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 6.3. VOLTAGE REGULATION

 Line regulation
 Load regulation

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 EXAMPLE 4.7: SHUNT REGULATOR

1V

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 SUMMARY

IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU HAVE LEARNED:

 the characteristics of diode and its application
 how to analyze and design diode circuits
 DC-biasing the diode
 the use of Zener diodes in voltage regulators
 other practical and important applications

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 HOMEWORK

Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7e.

Chap 4 problems:
4.59, 4.60, 4.62, 4.63, 4.64
Optional problems: 4.65, 4.66
Reading assignment:
4.2 Terminal characteristics of junction diodes
4.3 (Exponential model and small signal model)
4.5 (Peak Inverse Voltage - PIV)
Prepare Chapter 6 & 7: sections related to BJT
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