• Bacteria are undoubtedly the most successful group

of organisms ever to have evolved on planet Earth.

• Bacteria are small, generally between 1.0 and 2.0

mm (1 mm = 1/1000 mm), which means that they
are invisible to the naked eye.

• They grow rapidly by cell division: one bacterium

splits into two, then each of those split into two, and
so on – less than 20 minutes for each cell cycle in
ideal conditions.
Classification of bacteria
 Learning Outcomes

 To know the pharmacokinetics and

pharmacodynamics of antibiotics
 To know the concepts about drug resistance,
hypersensitivity and superinfection
 To describe the most common uses of
antibiotics
 To summarize the importance of health
teaching with each antibiotics
 Facts
 are medications that destroy or slow down the
growth of bacteria.
 Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin, the first
natural antibiotic, in 1928.
 Antibiotics cannot fight viral infections.
 Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic resistance.
 Side effects can include diarrhea, GI upset, and
nausea.
• bactericidal: in other words,
they kill bacteria, usually very
rapidly.
• bacteriostatic, which means
that the antibiotic prevents
the growth of an infection but
does not eradicate it totally
• Broad spectrum-
A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts
against both Gram-positive and Gram-
negative bacteria, in contrast to a
narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is
effective against specific families of
bacteria. An example of a commonly
used broad-spectrum antibiotic
is ampicillin.
• Superinfection

Antibiotic therapy can destroy the

normal flora of the body, which
normally would inhibit the overgrowth
of fungi and yeast. When the normal
flora is decreased, these organisms can
overgrow and cause a new infection, or
superinfection
• Narrow spectrum - Narrow spectrum antibiotics
are used for the specific infection when the
causative organism is known and will not kill
as many of the normal microorganisms in the
body as the broad spectrum antibiotics. So, It
has less ability to cause superinfection.

- Narrow-spectrum antibiotics perform equally

well or better than broad-spectrum ones,
which can kill off more of the “good” bacteria
in your body and cause other bacteria to
become resistant to those antibiotics in the
future.
 Aminoglycosides
 Gentamycin,neomycin, streptomycin
 broad spectrum of antibiotics
 bactericidal 
 Nephrotoxic, neurotoxic and ototoxic
 Can cause harm to fetus and breastfed infants
 Cephalosporins
 cephalexin (Keflex), cefazolin, ceftriaxone
 Ceftolozane – effective against MRSA
 broad spectrum of antibiotics
 bactericidal 
 s/e: hyperglycemia, allergic
reactions,Nephrotoxicity, risk for bleeding
• It is also important to note
that cephalosporin can enter
breastmilk and may alter
bowel flora of the infant.
Thus, use during
breastfeeding is often
discouraged.
 tetracycline
Tetracyline, doxycycline
broad spectrum of antibiotics
bacteriostatic 
s/e : photosensitivity, teeth
discoloration, decrease
effectiveness of oral
contraceptives,
• Take on empty stocmach
• Don’t lie down 30 min to
prevent heartburn
• No dairy, antacids, no iron
– it blocks absorption
 pennicilin
Pennicillin,
amoxicillin,
broad spectrum of
antibiotics
bactericidal 
s/e : gi irritation,
hypersensitivity
 sulfonamindes

 Broad spectrum
 Bacteriostatic
 s/e:
hypersensitivity
• Sulfonamides are one of the oldest broad-
spectrum antimicrobial agents that work by
competitively inhibiting bacterial metabolic
enzymes needed for bacterial function.
• Sulfonamides are mainly used to treat
bacterial infections and
some fungal infections. As they tend to
concentrate more in the urine, they are
most effective against urinary
tract infections.
 fluoroquinolones
 Broad spectrum
 Bacteriocidal
 Avoid antacid
 Achilles
Tendinitis
 Avoid sun
exposure
 Peripheral
neuropathy
 macrolides

 Broad spectrum
 Bacteriostatic
 may cause liver
damage
 Dysrhythmias
 carbapenems
 Broad spectrum
 Bactericidal
 Given parental only
 Similar to
cephalosporins
 Ipeminem has
Highest risk for
seizure
 S/e: superinfection
 lincosamides

 Used for acne, skin

infections
 Narrow spectrum
 Bacteriostatic
 Rarely used
 s/e: diarrhea,
colitis, metallic
taste
 glycopeptides

Red man syndrome

 Narrow spectrum
 Bactericidal
 Nephrotoxic
 Neutropenia if prolonged use
 High risk of super infection
Anaphylaxis
• Hives
• Angioedema
• wheezing
 Must know…
 Super Toxic to kidney
and ears
Vancomycin
Neomycin
Gentamycin BUN
 men: 8 to 24 mg/dL. 
women: 6 to 21 mg/dL.
Nephrotoxicity
Creatinine
ototoxicity
Men: 0.9 to 1.3 mg/dL
Female: .6 to 1.1 md/dL  
 Must know…
 Finish the Medications
 No Alcohol
 No food (ADL)
Azitromycin, Doxycline,
Levofloxacin
No sun (DLS)
Doxycline
Levofloxaci,
Sulfamethoxzazole
https://nurseslabs.com/antibiotics/
http://www3.us.elsevierhealth.com/simon/saun
derscards/webdemo/Classifi.pdf