HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

IN SOCIAL SCIENCE

Presented by:

DARSANA M WARRIER
I B.ED. SOCIAL SCIENCE
ROLL NO. 45
UCTE MUVATTUPUZHA
EARLY THINKERS AND
WRITERS

HERODOTUS ARISTOTLE KAUTILYA

 ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENTS
 Significant contributions to the
social sciences were made in
Medieval Islamic Civilization.
 Al-Biruni (973-1048) wrote
detailed comparative studies on
the anthropology of the peoples,
religions and cultures in the
middle east, Mediterranean and
South Asia
 Father of sociology
 Major work – ‘Tarikh-ul-Hind’
 IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406)
 worked in areas of
demography,
historiography,
philosophy of history,
sociology and
Economics.
 Best known for his
work; ‘Muqaddimah’
 EARLY MODERN
 Age of enlightenment
 Representative figures of the 17th Century include, David
Hartley, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and
Samuel Von Putendorf.
 In 18th century Social Science was called ‘moral
philosophy’ as contrasted from natural philosophy and
mathematics and included the study of natural theology,
natural ethics, natural jurisprudence and policy which
included economics and finance.
 Pure philosophy, logic, literature and history were outside
these two categories.
 REPRESENTATIVE FIGURES
OF THE 17TH CENTURY

JOHN LOCKE THOMAS HOBBES DAVID HARDTLEY HUGO GROTIUS

 LATE MODERN
 Thomas Hobbes and Sir. Issac Newton made a
revolution in the field of Science.
 Auguste Comte (1797-1857)Argued that ideas
pass through three rising stages, theological,
philosophical and scientific.
 He was the former thinkers of ‘Positivism’
 Major works – ‘The course of positive philosophy,
The system of Positivistic policy
 LATE MODERN THINKERS

AUGUSTE COMTE THOMAS HOBBES SIR. ISSAC NEWTON

 19th CENTURY
 The term ‘Social Science’ first appeared in the
1824 book ‘An enquiry into the principles of
the distribution of wealth.’
 ‘William Thompson’ coined this term.
 Sociology was established by Comte in 1838
 He endeavoured to unify history, psychology
and economics through the Scientific
understanding of the social realm.
 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) – Sociology was
formally established.
 He marked a major contribution to the concept
of structural functionalism
 KARL MARX(1818-1833)
 Karl Marx – Father of Scientific socialism
 Major works – Communist Manifesto, Das Capital
 Coined the term - Historical Materialism
 According to him, Primitive, Slave, Feudal, Capitalist,
Socialist are the 5 modes of production
 His writings have had an enormous impact on all of the social
sciences but particularly upon sociology
 Today, Durkhim, Marx and Max Weber were considered as
the architects of Social Science.
 Social Science become an umbrella term to describe all those
disciplines.
ARCHITECTS OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE

EMILE DURKHEIM KARL MARX MAX WEBBER

 DEVELOPMENT IN 20th CENTURY
 Statistics became a free-standing discipline of
applied mathematics.
 ‘In 1924, Social Scientists established the Pi
Gamma Mu’ honor society for the Social
Sciences
 Its key objectives were.
 To promote interdisciplinary cooperation
 Develop an integrated theory of human
personality and organization etc.
 Emerging disciplines like social studies of medicine,
neuropsychology, Bio economics and the history and
sociology of science.
 Quantitative and qualitative methods are being
integrated
 Institutions such as The New School for social
Research International Institute of Social History
and departments of Social research at prestigious
universities were meant to fill the growing demands
for individuals.
 MODERN TRENDS

 The term ‘conselience’ was coined

by ‘William Whewell’
 Its meaning is ‘jumping together of
knowledge’
 It refers to the principle that
evidence form independent un-
related sources can converge to
strong conclusions.
 Anyway, we can say that the
historical developments in social
science is still continuing………