CIRCUITS 1

DEVELOP TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

BASIC LINEAR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
A FEW WORDS ABOUT ANALYSIS
USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS
BASIC STRATEGY USED IN ANALYSIS
 THE MATHEMATICS CLASSES - LINEAR ALGEBRA,
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- PROVIDE THE TOOLS
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS
DEVELOP A SET OF MATHEMATICAL
EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENT THE CIRCUIT FOR THE FIRST PART WE WILL BE EXPECTED
- A MATEMATICAL MODEL - TO SOLVE SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

LEARN HOW TO SOLVE THE MODEL TO 12V1  9V2  4V3  8

DETERMINE HOW THE CIRCUIT WILL BEHAVE
IN A GIVEN SITUATION  4V1  16V2  V3  0
 2V1  4V2  6V3  20
THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC TECHNIQUES
TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LATER THE MODELS WILL BE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

THE MODELS THAT WILL BE DEVELOPED HAVE dy

NICE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES. 3  y f
dt
IN PARTICULAR THEY WILL BE LINEAR WHICH
MEANS THAT THEY SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF d2y dy df
SUPERPOSITION  4  8 y  3 4f
dt 2 dt dt
Model
y  Tu
Principle of Superposition
T ( 1 u1   2 u2 )   1T ( u1 )   2T ( u2 )
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

2 T E R M IN A L S C O M P O N E N T The concept of node is extremely

a b important.
We must learn to identify a node
c h a ra c te riz e d b y th e
c u rre n t th ro u g h it a n d
N O D E
in any shape or form
th e v o lta g e d iffe re n c e
b e tw e e n te rm in a ls
N O D E

L
TYPICAL LINEAR
R1 CIRCUIT

R2 vO
vS +
- 
C
LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER
 BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING GOALS

•System of Units: The SI standard system; prefixes

•Basic Quantities: Charge, current, voltage, power and energy

•Circuit Elements: Active and Passive

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from the Physics Laboratoryof NIST

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In-depth information on the SI , the modern

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SI DERIVED BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS
 ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT CARRIES ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE EVERY SECOND.
ACs
1 COULOMB  6.28  1018 (e)
(e) IS THE CHARGE OF ONE ELECTRON

VOLT IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER CHARGE.

TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE
GAINS ONE JOULE OF CHARGE WHEN IT IS MOVED FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER.

J
V
C
OHM IS A MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF CHARGE.
THERE IS ONE OHM OF RESISTENCE IF IT IS REQUIRED ONE VOLT OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
TO DRIVE THROUGH ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT
V

A
IT IS REQUIRED ONE WATT OF POWER TO DRIVE ONE AMPER OF CURRENT AGAINST AN
ELECTROMOTIVE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLTS
W V  A
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RANGES
Strictly speaking current is a basic quantity and charge is derived. However,
physically the electric current is created by a movement of charged particles.

What is the meaning of a negative value for q(t)?

  PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

IF THE CHARGE IS GIVEN DETERMINE THE CURRENT BY
DIFFERENTIATION
 IF THE CURRENT IS KNOWN DETERMINE THE CHARGE BY
 INTEGRATION

A PHYSICAL ANALOGY THAT HELPS VISUALIZE ELECTRIC

q(t ) CURRENTS IS THAT OF WATER FLOW.
CHARGES ARE VISUALIZED AS WATER PARTICLES
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

q( t )  4  103 sin(120 t )[C ]  0 t 0

i (t )   2 t
  i (t )  4  103  120 cos(120 t ) [ A] e mA t  0
 FIND THE CHARGE THAT PASSES
i (t )  0.480 cos(120 t ) [mA] DURING IN THE INTERVAL 0<t<1

1 1
2 x 1 1 1
q  e dx   e  2 x   e 2  ( e 0 )
q(t ) 0 2 0 2 2
1
q  (1  e 2 ) Units?
2
FIND THE CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
t t
2 x
q(t )   i ( x )dx   e dx
 

t  0  q(t )  0
t
1
t  0  q (t )   e 2 x dx  (1  e 2 t )
0 2
And the units for the charge?...
 DETERMINE THE Charge(pC)
CURRENT  10  1012  10  1012 C 9
m 3
 10  10 (C / s )
Here we are given the 2  10  0 s
charge flow as function 30
of time. 20
10

 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(ms)

Current(nA )
To determine current we
must take derivatives. 40
PAY ATTENTION TO 30
UNITS
20
10

 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(ms)
 20
 CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS
IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO INDICATE
THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF CHARGED
PARTICLES.
THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CONVENTION IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IS THAT CURRENT IS
FLOW OF POSITIVE CHARGES.
AND WE INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF FLOW
FOR POSITIVE CHARGES
-THE REFERENCE DIRECTION-
THE DOUBLE INDEX NOTATION
IF THE INITIAL AND TERMINAL NODE ARE
LABELED ONE CAN INDICATE THEM AS
SUBINDICES FOR THE CURRENT NAME
a 5A I ab  5 A
b

A POSITIVE VALUE FOR

a 3A b a  3A b
THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE DIRECTION I ab  3 A I ab  3 A
OF THE ARROW (THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION)

a  3A b a 3A b
A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR
THE CURRENT INDICATES I ba  3 A I ba  3 A
FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION THAN THE POSITIVE CHARGES POSITIVE CHARGES
REFERENCE DIRECTION FLOW LEFT-RIGHT FLOW RIGHT-LEFT

I ab   I ba
 a I  2 A
I cb  4 A
2A
I ab 
I
b c
3A

This example illustrates the various ways

in which the current notation can be used
 CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES
ONE DEFINITION FOR VOLT
TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL OF
ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE GAINS
(OR LOSES) ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT
MOVES FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER
b IF THE CHARGE GAINS
ENERGY MOVING FROM
a TO b THEN b HAS HIGHER
VOLTAGE THAN a.
IF IT LOSES ENERGY THEN
b HAS LOWER VOLTAGE
 a THAN a
1C
DIMENSIONALLY VOLT IS A DERIVED UNIT
JOULE N m
VOLT  
COULOMB A  s
VOLTAGE IS ALWAYS MEASURED IN A RELATIVE FORM AS THE VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT OUR NOTATION ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH POINT

HAS THE HIGHER VOLTAGE
 THE + AND - SIGNS
DEFINE THE REFERENCE
POLARITY

V IF THE NUMBER V IS POSITIVE POINT A HAS V

VOLTS MORE THAN POINT B.
IF THE NUMBER V IS NEGATIVE POINT A HAS
|V| LESS THAN POINT B

POINT A HAS 2V MORE POINT A HAS 5V LESS

THAN POINT B THAN POINT B
 THE TWO-INDEX NOTATION FOR VOLTAGES
INSTEAD OF SHOWING THE REFERENCE POLARITY
WE AGREE THAT THE FIRST SUBINDEX DENOTES
THE POINT WITH POSITIVE REFERENCE POLARITY

V AB  2V

V AB  VBA
V AB  5V VBA  5V
 ENERGY
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE…
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY – THEY MAY TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

BASIC FLASHLIGHT Converts energy stored in battery

to thermal energy in lamp filament
which turns incandescent and glows

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT The battery supplies energy to charges.

Lamp absorbs energy from charges.
The net effect is an energy transfer

Charges gain
Charges supply
energy here
Energy here
ENERGY
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE…
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY

WHAT ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MOVE 120[C] FROM

POINT B TO POINT A IN THE CIRCUIT?

THE CHARGES MOVE TO A POINT WITH HIGHER

VOLTAGE -THEY GAINED (OR ABSORBED) ENERGY
THE CIRCUIT SUPPLIED ENERGY TO THE CHARGES

V AB  2V

W
V  W  VQ  240J
Q
 THE VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
IS 5V

WHICH POINT
HAS THE HIGHER
VOLTAGE?

5V V AB  5V

EXAMPLE ENERGY AND POWER
A CAMCODER BATTERY PLATE CLAIMS THAT
THE UNIT STORES 2700mAHr AT 7.2V.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL CHARGE AND ENERGY
2[C/s] PASS
STORED?
THROUGH
CHARGE THE ELEMENT
THE NOTATION 2700mAHr INDICATES THAT
THE UNIT CAN DELIVER 2700mA FOR ONE
FULL HOUR

C  s
Q  2700  103    3600  1Hr
S Hr
 9.72  103[C ] EACH COULOMB OF CHARGE LOSES 3[J]
OR SUPPLIES 3[J] OF ENERGY TO THE
ELEMENT
TOTAL ENERGY STORED
THE CHARGES ARE MOVED THROUGH A 7.2V THE ELEMENT RECEIVES ENERGY AT A
VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RATE OF 6[J/s]

J  THE ELECTRIC POWER RECEIVED BY THE

W  Q[C ]  V    9.72  103  7.2[ J ] ELEMENT IS 6[W]
C 
t2
4
 6.998  10 [ J ] IN GENERAL
w (t 2 , t1 )   p( x )dx
P  VI t1

HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE IF AN ELEMENT

SUPPLIES OR RECEIVES POWER?
 PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
THIS IS THE REFERENCE FOR POLARITY
POWER RECEIVED IS POSITIVE WHILE POWER
SUPPLIED IS CONSIDERED NEGATIVE  

 Vab  P  Vab I ab a b
IF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT I ab
a b
ARE BOTH POSITIVE THE
CHARGES MOVE FROM IF THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT
I ab HIGH TO LOW VOLTAGE IS GIVEN
AND THE COMPONENT
RECEIVES ENERGY --IT IS
A PASSIVE ELEMENT
EXAMPLE
A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS CONVENTION IS THAT
THE REFERENCE DIRECTIONS FOR CURRENT AND
 Vab  2A

VOLTAGE ARE NOT INDEPENDENT -- IF WE

a b
ASSUME PASSIVE ELEMENTS I ab
Vab  10V
GIVEN THE REFERENCE POLARITY
THE ELEMENT RECEIVES 20W OF POWER.
 Vab  WHAT IS THE CURRENT?
SELECT REFERENCE DIRECTION BASED ON
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
a b 20[W ]  Vab I ab  (10V ) I ab
REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT I ab  2[ A]
 UNDERSTANDING PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
We must examine the voltage across the component
and the current through it

I
A A’

 PS1  V AB I AB
S1 V S2 PS 2  V A' B ' I A'B '
B
 B’

Current A - A'
Voltage(V) S1 S2
ON S1 ON S2
positive positive supplies receives VAB  0, I AB  0 VA B  0, I A B  0
' ' ' '

positive negative receives supplies

ON S2
negative positive receives supplies V A'B '  0, I A'B '  0
negative negative supplies receives
CHARGES RECEIVE ENERGY. CHARGES LOSE ENERGY.
THIS BATTERY SUPPLIES ENERGY THIS BATTERY RECEIVES THE ENERGY

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE CONNECTIONS ARE REVERSED

IN ONE OF THE BATTERIES?
DETERMINE WHETHER THE ELEMENTS ARE SUPPLYING OR RECEIVING POWER
AND HOW MUCH

a a
I ab  4 A Vab  2V
2A

Vab  2V I ab  2 A

P  8W SUPPLIES POWER b b

P  4W RECEIVES POWER

WHEN IN DOUBT LABEL THE

TERMINALS
OF THE COMPONENT

1 1

2 2

V12  12V , I12  4 A V12  4V , I12  2 A

 I  8[ A]

 

V AB  4[V ]  

SELECT VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

 20[W ]  V AB  (5 A) BASED ON CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION
40[W ]  (5V )  I

WHICH TERMINAL HAS HIGHER VOLTAGE AND WHICH IS THE CURRENT FLOW DIRECTION

V1  20[V ]  2A I  5[ A]

40[W ]  V1  (2 A) SELECT HERE THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

BASED ON VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY  50[W ]  (10[V ])  I
 COMPUTE POWER ABDORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH ELEMENT

P1  (6V )(2 A)

2 A  6V  P1 = 12W
P2 = 36W
  P3 = -48W
1
24V +
- 3 2 18V
P2  (18V )(2 A)
 2A 
P3  (24V )(2 A)  (24V )(2 A)

IMPORTANT: NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE IN THE CIRCUIT

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

PASSIVE ELEMENTS

VOLTAGE
DEPENDENT
SOURCES

UNITS FOR  , g , r ,  ?

INDEPENDENT SOURCES

CURRENT
DEPENDENT
SOURCES
 EXERCISES WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

FIND VO VO  40[V ] FIND I O I O  50mA

DETERMINE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES

40[V ]

P  (40[V ])(2[ A])  80[W ] P  (10[V ])(4  4[ A])  160[W ]

TAKE VOLTAGE POLARITY REFERENCE TAKE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

POWER ABSORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io
ELEMENT

 12W

(6)( I O ) (12)(9)

(10)(3)

(4)(8) (8  2)(11)

P1  (12V )(4 A)  48[W ]

P2  (24V )(2 A)  48[W ]
P3  (28V )(2 A)  56[W ]
PDS  (1I x )(2 A)  (4V )(2 A)  8[W ]
P36V  (36V )(4 A)  144[W ]

NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE

POWER BALANCE

I O  1[ A]