MICROBIAL DISEASE OF THE EYE

Presentation by: Joanne Espinosa

CONJUNCTIVITIS / PINK EYE / MADRAS EYE
• It is the inflammation of the conjunctiva which consist of
the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the
eyelids
• Conjunctivitis most commonly caused by a viral infection
or less commonly a bacterial infection or by allergic
reaction.
SYMPTOMS
• An inflamed, red eye (hyperaemia)
• Irritation (chemosis)
• Watering of the eyes (epiphora)
3 TYPES OF PINK EYE
• VIRAL STRAINS most common and start from one eye
where it cause lot of tears and watery discharge and
within few days, the other eye gets involved
• BACTERIAL STRAINS usually infect one eye but can
show up in both. Your eye will put out lot of pus and
mucus
• ALLERGIC TYPES produce tearing, itching and redness
in both eyes. You might also have an itchy, runny nose
KERATITIS
- is a condition in which the eye cornea, the front part of the eye becomes
inflamed
• Superficial keratitis involves the superficial layers (epithelium) of the cornea.
After healing, this form of keratitis does not leave a scar.
• Deep keratitis involves deeper involves deeper layers of the cornea and the
natural course leaves a scar upon healing that impairs vision if it occurs on or
near the visual axis.
• This can be reduced or avoided with the use of topical corticosteroid eye
drops.
• FUNGAL KERATITIS occurs when part of a tree or plant such as twig injures
the ye, so those people who work with plants are more at risk
• Exposing the eyes to water – such as when swimming or in a hot tub – is at
high risk of keratitis.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS
• Also known as CMV Retinitis is an inflammation of the
retina of the eye that can lead to blindness. Caused by
human cytomegalovirus, it occurs predominantly in
people whose immune system has been compromised.
• ACANTHAMOEBISASIS
• Acanthmaoebiasis is caused by a protozoan parasite.
Acanthmaoeba is a very common organism within
freshwater and marine environments worldwide. While it
usually doesn’t cause an infection, when it does, it can
damage your vision.
• Acanthamoeba is transmitted through direct contact with
the parasite and the cornea of the eye. Poor contact lens
care is a major risk factor for developing
acanthamoebiasis.
LOIASIS
• Loiasis is caused by a helminth parasite
• You can acquire the infection through the bite of an
infected fly. Once inside the body, the parasite continues
to develop and can migrate to various tissues. It also
produce larvae called microfilariae.
• Both the adult worm and its larvae can cause eye pain,
impaired eye movement, and vision problems including
sensitivity to light.
MICROBIAL DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
• is one of the most serious forms of meningitis.
• Bacteria that cause meningitis often gain access to the
CNS through the bloodstream after trauma or a result of
the action of bacterial toxins.
• Bacteria may also spread from structures in the upper
respiratory tract such as oropharynx, nasopharynx,
sinuses and middle ear.
• Patients with head wounds or cochlear implants are also
at risk for developing meningitis.
TETANUS
• Is a non-communicable disease characterized by
uncontrollable muscle spasms (contraction) caused by
the action of TeNT.
• It generally occurs when C. tetani infects the wounds and
produces TeNT, which rapidly binds to neural tissue,
resulting in an intoxication of neurons.
• Generalized tetanus that occurs in a newborn is called
neonatal tetanus.
• Generalized tetanus that occurs in a newborn is called neonatal tetanus.
• Localized tetanus occurs when TeNT only affects the muscle groups close to
the injury site.
• Cephalic tetanus is a rare, localized form of tetanus generally associated with
wounds on the head or face.
• In rare cases, it has occurred in cases of otitis media (middle ear infection).
Cephalic tetanus often results in patients seeing double images, because of
the spasms affecting the muscles that control eye movement.
• Neonatal tetanus typically occurs when the stump of the umbilical cord is
contaminated with spores of C.tetani after delivery.
• After the end of first week of life, infected infants become irritable, feed poorly
and develop rigidity with spasms.
• TETANUS TOXOID (TT) VACCINE is available for
protection and prevention of tetanus. One dose is
recommended fof adolescents and adults as TT booster
every 10 years.
BOTULISM
• Is a rare but frequently fatal illness caused by intoxication
by BoNT. It can occur either as a result of an infection
C.botulinum in which case the bacteria produce BoNt in
vivo or as the result of direct introduction of BoNT into
tissue.
• BOTULINUM TOXIN is often intentionally injected into
people to treat their conditions.
HANSEN’S DISEASE (LEPROSY)
• Is caused by a long, thin, filamentous rod-shaped bacteria Myobacterium
leprae, an obligate intracellular pathogen.
• Hansen’s disease affects the PNS, leading to permanent damage and loss of
appendages or other body parts.
• Hansen’s disease is communicable but not highly contagious.
• Person to person transmission occurs by inhalation into nasal mucosa or
prolonged and repeated contact with infected skin.
• TUBERCULOID HANSEN’S DISEASE is marked by the presence of
relatively few, flat blanched skin lesions with small nodules at the edge and
few bacteria present in the lesion.
• Individuals who are unable to contain the infection may later develop
LEPROMATOUS HANSEN’S DISEASE. This is a progressive form of
disease characterized by nodules filled with acid fast bacilli and
macrophages.