MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE

DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEMS

What are infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body
from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and,
rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food,
water or soil. Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, and fungal infections:

Viral Infections.

⮚ a virus is a tiny agent (germ) that lives inside living cells, or host cells

⮚ Viruses need living cells to replicate or reproduce.

⮚ There are thousands of viruses, some more common than others

⮚ Viral infections are usually treated by managing the symptoms.

⮚ often use over-the-counter pain relievers to ease pain and reduce fever, rest for fatigue, etc.,
until the virus is gone

Bacterial Infections

⮚ Bacteria are microscopic single-cell microorganisms (microbes) that are all around us.

⮚ They reproduce on their own and many can survive on surfaces for days or weeks.

⮚ Bacteria can enter your body through any opening, natural or unnatural. This includes your
mouth and nose, as well as cuts, scrapes, and even surgical incisions.

⮚ Most often, treatment for a bacterial infection is with antibiotics

⮚ They could be taken orally (by pill, liquid, or capsule), injection, drops, topical (cream or
ointment), or intravenously (by IV)

⮚ The treatment may be very short, or it could go as long as several weeks, depending on the
type of infection and how it reacts to the antibiotics
Fungal Infections.

⮚ Diseases caused by a fungus (yeast or mold).

⮚ Fungi are all around us

⮚ Fungal infections are treated with anti-fungal medications specific to the particular fungus
that caused the infection. These medications can be cream or ointment, suppository, or pill
form

⮚ Antibiotics are not used for fungal infections because they are not effective.

SKIN INFECTIONS
Skin infections are caused by a wide variety of germs, and symptoms can vary from mild to
serious. Mild infections may be treatable with over-the-counter medications and home remedies,
whereas other infections may require medical attention.
Common Skin Infections:

● Candidiasis
- a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida
- main symptom of candidiasis of the skin is a rash
can usually be prevented with home remedies, the most important of which is proper hygiene

● Chickenpox
- also called varicella a viral infection that results in fever and a rash with spots all over the
body. - vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox.

● Impetigo
- a bacterial infection of the skin that is most common in young children.
- usually appears as reddish sores on the face, particularly around the nose and mouth, as well
as on the hands and feet.
- it can usually be effectively treated with antibiotics

● Cellulites
- a common bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and pain in the infected
area of the skin
- cellulites can be treated with antibiotics. It can be taken by oral or intravenous (IV)

● Measles
- also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory
system and often results in a skin rash.
- The infection is more common among children.
- The best way to prevent measles is vaccination

● Molluscum contagiosum
- a fairly common skin infection caused by a virus.
- It causes round, firm, painless bumps ranging in size from a pinhead to a pencil eraser.
 - most common in children, but can also affect adults
- Molluscum contagiosum usually gets better without treatment in 6 months to 2 years.
- For severe or widespread disease, your health care provider might refer you to a specialist
in skin conditions (dermatologist) to discuss options for removing the bumps.

● Warts
- Warts are small skin growths caused by viral infections.
- Warts are a common skin infection, particularly in childhood.
- About 65% of wart infections go away by themselves.Without medical treatment

● Dermatophytosis
- also called ringworm or tinea
- a common infection of the skin and nails that is caused by fungus
- The infection is called “ringworm” because it can cause an itchy, red, circular rash
- The treatment for ringworm depends on its location on the body and how serious the
infection
- Some forms of ringworm can be treated with non-prescription (“over-the-counter”)
medications, but other forms of ringworm need treatment with prescription antifungal
medication.

● Boil
- a painful, pus-filled bump that forms under your skin when bacteria infect and inflame one
or more of your hair follicles
- Boils can affect any area of your body where you have hair, or where rubbing can occur.
They usually form in places where you sweat.
- can generally treat small boils at home by applying warm compresses to relieve pain and
promote natural drainage.
- For larger boils and carbuncles, treatment may include: Incision & drainage and antibiotics

EYE INFECTIONS
Eye infections can cause pain, discharge, and swelling. But symptoms and treatment options vary
depending on the cause, whether viral, bacterial, or fungal.
Common Eye Infections:

● Conjunctivitis
- also known as pink eye. Conjunctivitis is often due to an viral infection. Children frequently
get it, and it is very contagious.
- Pink eye treatment is usually focused on symptom relief, like cleaning your eyelids with a
wet cloth and applying cold or warm compresses several times daily.

● Stye
- a bump on the eyelid that happens when bacteria from your skin get into the hair follicle of
an eyelash.
2 types of stye:
External styes. These form on the outer part of either the upper or lower eyelid.
Internal styes. They form on either of your inner eyelids (facing your eyeball)
- A stye will usually go away by itself in one to two weeks
 - you can treated stye at home by applying a warm compressor and cleaning your eye

● Keratitis
- is inflammation or infection of the cornea, which is the clear outer layer on the colored part
of the eye.
- can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites as well as relatively minor injury
- Treatment for keratitis depends on what is causing it. If you have an infection, you will
need to take prescription medications

INFECTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A central nervous system infection can occur when a virus or bacteria enters the brain. It may
become a cause for concern when it gets to the brain. This can occur through the blood, the nerves, or
a skull fracture. These infections can be serious.
Common Infections in Nervous System:

● Meningitis
- an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, which can be
caused by either bacteria or virus as well as fungi or parasites.
- The treatment depends on the type of meningitis you have
● Bacterial meningitis. must be treated right away with intravenous antibiotics and
sometimes corticosteroids
● Viral meningitis. most cases improve on their own in several weeks. Treatment of
mild cases of viral meningitis usually includes: Bed rest, plenty of fluidsand pain
medicine to help reduce fever and relieve body aches.

● Rabies
- Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals.
- The rabies virus is usually transmitted through a bite.
- Receive a series of shots to prevent the rabies virus from infecting you reatment for people
bitten by animals with rabies.

● Brain abscess
- A brain abscess is a pus-filled swelling in the brain.
- It usually occurs when bacteria or fungi enter the brain tissue after an infection or severe
head injury.
- A brain abscess is usually treated using a combination of:
● medicines – either antibiotics or antifungals
● surgery – either draining the pus through a hole in the skull (simple aspiration) or
opening the skull and removing the abscess entirely (craniotomy)

INFECTIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Cardiovascular infections occur when irritants such as bacteria, viruses and fungi infect your heart.
A heart infection can damage or inflame your heart. The parts of the heart most often damaged by
infection include the: Heart muscle (myocardium)
 Common Infections In Cardiovascular System:

● Endocarditis
- infection of the lining of your heart valves (also called bacterial endocarditis or infective
endocarditis).
- Endocarditis is usually caused by an infection. Bacteria, fungi or other germs get into the
bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in the heart
- Many people with endocarditis are successfully treated with antibiotics.
- Sometimes, surgery may be needed to fix or replace damaged heart valves and clean up any
remaining signs of the infection.

● Myocarditis
- inflammation of your heart muscle.
- A viral infection is the most frequent cause of myocarditis
- Treatment for myocarditis may include medications, procedures or surgeries.

● Pericarditis
- inflammation of the sac covering your heart’s outer surface
- most often caused by viral infection, but can also develop as a result of bacterial or other
infection
- Pericarditis is usually mild and goes away without treatment.
- Treatment for more-severe cases may include medications and, rarely, surgery

● Rheumatic fever
- is an inflammatory disease that can lead to rheumatic heart disease that affects heart valves.
- It caused by a bacterial infection
-Treatment focuses on managing inflammation, symptoms like medicines to reduce fever,
pain, and general inflammation.

INFECTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections of parts of the body involved in breathing, such as
the sinuses, throat, airways or lungs. Most RTIs get better without treatment, but sometimes you may
need to see a GP.
Common Infections in Respiratory System:

● Tuberculosis
-Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the
coughs or sneezes of an infected person.
-Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- it can usually be effectively treated with antibiotics that need to take for 6 months.

● Acute bronchitis
- Acute bronchitis is a contagious viral infection that causes inflammation of the bronchial
tubes.
- most acute bronchitis caused by viral infections, and can also caused by bacterial or fungal
infections.
-Treatment focuses on easing the symptoms like drinking fluids but avoid caffeine and
alcohol, get plenty of rest, take over-the-counter pain relievers and cough medicine to reduce
 inflammation and break up or loosen mucus.

● Pneumonia
- is an infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs
may become clogged with fluid or pus (purulent material), resulting in phlegm or pus cough,
fever, chills, and trouble breathing.
-Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of species, including bacteria, viruses, and fungus.
-Treatments depend on the type and severity, it include: Antibiotics, Cough medicine, fever
reducers/pain relievers.

● Sinusitis
- A condition in which the tissue lining the sinuses a small hollow spaces in the bones around
the nose become inflamed.
-it can occur when too much mucous builds up in the sinuses or their openings become
blocked.
-It can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, and fungal infections.
-Sinusitis is treated in several ways, each depending on how severe the case, it include:
decongestants, over-the-counter cold and allergy medications, nasal saline irrigation,
drinking fluids, antibiotics and prescription intranasal steroid sprays.

● Pharyngitis
- it is commonly known as sore throat.
- it is usually caused by viral, bacterial or fungal infections, such as the common cold and flu
or by an infection with the Streptococcus bacterium also known as the strep throat.
-The treatment depends on the cause.
● Viral pharyngitis goes away on its own with salt water gargles, pain relievers and
extra fluids to help alleviate the symptoms.
● Bacterial pharyngitis is treated with antibiotics.
● Fungal pharyngitis is treated with antifungal medications.

INFECTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Gastrointestinal infections are viral, bacterial or parasitic infections that cause gastroenteritis, an
inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and the small intestine .
Common Infections in Digestive System:

● Cholecystitis
- Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.
- Cholecystitis usually develops when the bile gets trapped in your gallbladder and becomes
infected with bacteria.
- Treatment for cholecystitis usually involves a hospital stay to control the inflammation in
your gallbladder. Sometimes, surgery is needed.

● Diarrheal Diseases
- Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoeal or diarrhœa,is the condition of having at least three loose,
liquid, or watery bowel movements each day
- The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacterium, or
parasite, a condition also known as gastroenteritis.
- Treatment for diarrhoea depends on the cause, but may include: drinking plenty of fluids to
 prevent dehydration; oral rehydration drinks to replace lost salts and minerals; intravenous
replacement of fluids and medications such as antibiotics and anti-nausea drugs for severe
cases.

● Hepatitis
- Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is caused by a variety of infectious viruses and
noninfectious agents leading to a range of health problems, some of which can be fatal.
- There are five main strains of the hepatitis virus, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.
● Hepatitis A. This type of hepatitis is an acute, short-term disease. may not require
treatment. However, if symptoms cause a great deal of discomfort, bed rest may be
necessary
● Hepatitis B. This is often an ongoing, chronic condition. There is no specific
treatment program for acute hepatitis B.However, if you have chronic hepatitis B,
you will require antiviral medications
● Hepatitis C. Typically presents as a long-term condition. Antiviral medications can
treat both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis C.
● Hepatitis D. This is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs in conjunction with
hepatitis B infection. The WHO lists pegylated interferon alpha as a treatment for
hepatitis D. However, this medication can have severe side effects
● Hepatitis E. A waterborne disease that results from exposure to the hepatitis E virus
(HEV). Currently, no specific medical therapies are available to treat hepatitis E.
Because the infection is often acute, it typically resolves on its own.

● Esophagitis
- Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus.
- Common causes include acid reflux, side effects of certain medications, and bacterial or
viral infections.
- .Treatment depends on the cause of your symptoms. Medications may include: antiviral
medications, antifungal medications, antacids, pain relievers, oral steroids.

● Gastritis
-Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common:
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
-The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium
that causes most stomach ulcers or the regular use of certain pain relievers.
- Treatments include antacids, alginates and antibiotics.

INFECTIONS OF THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

A condition in which bacteria invade and grow in the urinary tract (the kidneys, ureters, bladder,
and urethra). Most urinary tract infections occur in the bladder or urethra.
Common Infections in Genitourinary System:

● Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

- Uninary infection (UTI) are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the
skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several
parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).
- The treatment depends on the type.
● Simple UTI can be treated with a short course of antibiotic meds. A short, 3-day
 course of an appropriate antibiotic will often treat most uncomplicated UTIs.
● Complicated UTI can be treated with longer course of antibiotics meds. Sometimes
the antibiotic therapy may be started intravenously (IV) in the hospital. After a short
period of IV antibiotics, the antibiotics are given by mouth for up to 2 weeks. Kidney
infections are often treated as a complicated UTI.

● Cystitis
- is inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection.
- It's a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women, and is usually
more of a nuisance than a cause for serious concern.
- Mild cases will often get better by themselves within a few days.
- Treatment includes drinking plenty of water and taking urinary alkalisers and antibiotics.

● Cervicitis
- is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the
vagina.
- Possible symptoms of cervicitis include bleeding between menstrual periods, pain with
intercourse or during a pelvic exam, and abnormal vaginal discharge.
- It caused by sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial, fungal, viral
infections.
- Treatment Depends on what organism is causing the infection, your doctor may prescribe:
antibiotics, antifungal medications, and antiviral medications

● Epididymitis
- is an inflammation of the coiled tube, called the epididymis, at the back of the testicle.
- Symptoms of epididymitis might include: A swollen, discolored or warm scrotum.
- Testicle pain and tenderness, usually on one side, that often comes on slowly. Pain when you
pass urine.
- Epididymitis treatment involves antibiotics. The most common medications include
doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
- Antibiotic treatment usually lasts about one to two weeks.

● Prostatitis
- is inflammation (swelling) of the prostate gland.
- It can be very painful and distressing, but will often get better eventually.
- Prostatitis can come on at any age.
- If you have acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis, you'll take antibiotics. Acute disease may
require intravenous (IV) antibiotics in the hospital for a short period. The entire course of
antibiotic treatment is usually 4 to 6 weeks — or longer in some cases.
MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

MICROBIAL DISEASES
OF THE
DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEM

MRS. MA. CHRISTINA ORTEGA

INSTRUCTOR

GROUP 5
REY, RIZALYN P.
REYES, NINA RICCI V.
SABADO, MARK DARYL
TERRADO, JIRO
TINQUICO, RALPH EUGENE
UNTALAN, ALESSANDRA M.
VELASCO, JOHN CHRISTIAN
VINLUAN, BEVERLY