CHAPTER 13

Metals

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
(Formerly known as Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited)
Chapter 13 Metals

13.1 Metals and Alloys

13.2 The Reactivity Series

13.3 Extracting Metals

13.4 Rusting

13.5 Recycling Metals

2
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• describe the general physical properties of metals;

• explain what an alloy is;

• identify the diagrams of structures of metals and

alloys;

3
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Physical Properties of Metals

1. Good conductors of heat and electricity

2. Usually have high densities, melting points and

boiling points

3. Malleable and ductile

4
 13.1 Metals and Alloys

Why are Pure Metals Not Widely Used in Industry?

• Pure metals are too soft.

push

Layers of atoms slide easily over one another when

a force is applied.

• Pure metals may react with air and water and thus wear
away or corrode easily.
5
 13.1 Metals and Alloys

Alloys
An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or a few
other elements.

steel, an alloy
of iron and
carbon

6
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Why are Metals Often Used in the Form

of Alloys?
1. To make metals harder and stronger

Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is

harder and stronger than pure zinc.

7
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Why are Metals Often Used in the Form

of Alloys?
2. To improve the appearance of metals

Pewter – an alloy of tin, Compared to the mug,

antimony and copper the tin cup looks duller.
8
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Why are Metals Often Used in the Form

of Alloys?

3. To lower the melting point of metals

Solder
•is an alloy of tin and lead;
•has a lower melting point
than pure tin or lead;
•is used for joining metals.

9
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Why Are Metals Often Used in the Form

of Alloys?

4. To make metals more resistant to corrosion

Cupronickel
•is an alloy of copper
and nickel;
•is used in coins as it
does not corrode easily.

10
13.1 Metals and Alloys

Why are Alloys Stronger and Harder

Than Their Constituent Metals?
Alloys are harder and stronger than pure metals.
This is because

• atoms of added
element have a
different size;

• orderly arrangement of atoms is disrupted;

• atoms cannot slide over each other easily

when a force is applied.
11
 13.1 Metals and Alloys

Examples of Alloys
Alloy Composition Special properties Uses
Brass copper (70%) does not corrode decorative
zinc (30%) easily, attractive ornaments, musical
yellow colour like gold instruments, coins
Stainless iron (73%) resistant to corrosion cutlery, utensils,
steel chromium (18%) medical instruments,
nickel (8%) pipes in chemical
carbon (1%) industries
Solder tin (50%) low melting point joining metals, e.g.
lead (50%) joining metal pipes
Pewter tin (95%) bright, shiny colour like decorative
antimony (3.5%) silver ornaments
copper (1.5%) 12
Chapter 13 Metals

13.1 Metals and Alloys

13.2 The Reactivity Series

13.3 Extracting Metals

13.4 Rusting

13.5 Recycling Metals

13
13.2 The Reactivity Series

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• determine the order of reactivity of some
metals, from the reactions of these metals with
water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid.

• deduce the order of reactivity of metals when

given a set of experimental results.

14
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Determining the Order of Reactivity of Metals

In the reactivity series, metals are arranged from

the most reactive to the least reactive.

The reactivity of metals can be compared by

• their reaction with water and steam;

• their reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid.

15
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Cold Water

metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen

Metal(s) Observations and equation

Potassium Reacts very violently. Highly exothermic.

Hydrogen gas explodes with lilac flame.

URL
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Sodium Reacts violently. Highly exothermic.

Hydrogen gas burns with yellow flame.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
URL
16
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Cold Water

metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen

Metal(s) Observations and equation

Calcium Reacts readily.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
URL

Magnesium Reacts very slowly.

Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g)

No reaction with zinc, iron, lead, copper, silver.

17
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Steam

metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen
metal
hydrogen
gas

glass wool soaked in

water

Caution: To prevent water from being water

sucked back into the hot test tube, the
delivery tube must be removed from the
water in the trough before turning off the 18
Bunsen flame.
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Steam

metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen
Metal(s) Observations and equation
Magnesium Reacts violently to produce a white glow.
Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g)
Zinc Reacts readily. Zinc oxide formed is yellow
when hot, white when cold.
Zn(s) + H2O(g) → ZnO(s) + H2(g)
Iron Reacts slowly.
Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + H2(g)
19
No reaction with lead, copper, silver.
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

metal + dilute hydrochloric acid → metal chloride + hydrogen
Metal(s) Observations and equation
Potassium React explosively.
Sodium 2K(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + H2(g)
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
Calcium Reacts violently.
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Magnesium Reacts rapidly.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
20
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

metal + dilute hydrochloric acid → metal chloride + hydrogen

Metal(s) Observations and equation

Zinc Reacts moderately fast.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Iron Reacts slowly.

Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

No reaction with lead, copper, silver.

21
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

Metals more reactive Potassium Please

than hydrogen produce Send
hydrogen gas when
Sodium Camels
reacted with dilute
hydrochloric acid. Calcium Monkeys
Zebras
Although lead is Magnesium In
above hydrogen, it Zinc Large
shows little or no Iron Heavy
reaction at all. Lead Crates
Why? Hydrogen Soon
22
Copper
 13.2 The Reactivity Series
MOST
reactive Metal(s) Reaction with cold Reaction with
water and steam dilute HCl
Potassium React violently with Explode with
Sodium cold water; explode dilute HCl
with steam

Calcium Reacts readily with Reacts violently

cold water; explode with dilute HCl
with steam
Magnesium Reacts slowly with React readily
cold water; reacts with dilute HCl
violently with steam
LEAST
23
reactive
 13.2 The Reactivity Series
MOST
reactive Metal(s) Reaction with cold Reaction with
water and steam dilute HCl

Zinc No reaction with cold React readily

water; reacts readily with dilute HCl
with steam
Iron No reaction with cold Reacts slowly
water; reacts slowly with dilute HCl
with steam
Lead No reaction with cold No reaction with
Copper water or steam dilute HCl
Silver
LEAST
24
reactive
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Deducing the Order of Reactivity of Metals

The reactivity series can be used to:

•predict the behaviour of a metal from its position in

the reactivity series;

•predict the position of an unfamiliar metal in the

reactivity series from a given set of experimental
results.

25
 13.2 The Reactivity Series

Deducing the Order of Reactivity of Metals

Example
Three different reactions were set up as shown to
investigate the reactivity of metals P, Q, R and S.
metal S metal P metal Q
aqueous aqueous aqueous
salt salt salt
solution of solution of solution of
metal P metal Q metal R
1 2 3
Beaker 1: Metal P is displaced from the salt solution.
Beaker 2: Metal Q is displaced from the salt solution.
Beaker 3: Metal R is displaced from the salt solution.
Can you deduce the order of reactivity of the metals? 26
Chapter 13 Metals

13.1 Metals and Alloys

13.2 The Reactivity Series

13.3 Extracting Metals

13.4 Rusting

13.5 Recycling Metals

27
13.3 Extracting Metals

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• relate the method of obtaining a metal from its

ore to its position in the reactivity series;

• describe and explain the reactions involved in the

extraction of iron in the blast furnace.

28
13.3 Extracting Metals

Metals

Uncombined state Combined state

Unreactive metals: Mineral ores containing:

• gold
• platinum • metal oxides
• silver • metal sulfides
• metal carbonates
• metal chlorides
29
13.3 Extracting Metals

Methods of Extraction

1. Reduction with carbon:

Heating the metal compound with carbon

2. Electrolysis:
Using electricity to decompose the molten
metal compound

30
13.3 Extracting Metals

Methods of Extraction
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na) Electrolysis
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb) Reduction with carbon
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Gold (Au) Occurs naturally uncombined 31
13.3 Extracting Metals

Extracting Iron
Iron is extracted from haematite (iron ore) in a
blast furnace.
• most important ore of iron
• composed mainly of iron(III) oxide
(Fe2O3) and sand impurities (SiO2)

haematite

32
 13.3 Extracting Metals

Blast Furnace waste gases

• Tall, chimney-like
• Made of bricks
haematite(Fe2O3)
• Lined with a coke (C)
refractory limestone (CaCO3)
material(aluminium
oxide, magnesium
oxide – high melting
points and trap hot air (enriched
heat) hot air with oxygen,
~750°C)

slag
URL
molten iron 33
13.3 Extracting Metals

Chemical Reactions in the Blast Furnace

1. Production of carbon dioxide.

2. Production of carbon monoxide.

3. Reduction of haematite to iron.

4. Removal of impurities.

34
13.3 Extracting Metals

1. Production of carbon dioxide

• Coke burns in hot air.

• Heat is produced.

• Carbon dioxide is produced.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

• Exothermic reaction

• Temperature of furnace increases to over 1600°C

35
13.3 Extracting Metals

2. Production of carbon monoxide

• Carbon dioxide further reacts with hot coke.

• Carbon dioxide is reduced by more coke

present in the furnace to form carbon
monoxide.
CO2(g) + C(s) → 2CO(g)

36
 13.3 Extracting Metals

3. Reduction of iron(III) oxide

• Carbon monoxide reduces iron(III) oxide.

• Molten iron and carbon dioxide are produced.

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

Sinks to the bottom of Escapes as hot

the furnace. Also waste gases through
known as cast iron. the top of the
furnace, together
with N2 and CO. 37
 13.3 Extracting Metals

4. Removal of impurities
• Limestone consists of calcium carbonate which
decomposes at high temperatures.

• Carbon dioxide and calcium oxide are produced.

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

limestone

38
 13.3 Extracting Metals

4. Removal of impurities
• Calcium oxide reacts with silicon(IV) oxide
(sand) in the iron ore.

• Calcium silicate (Slag) is formed.

• This is an acid-base reaction. Why?

CaO(s) + SiO2(s) → CaSiO3(l)

From sand • Also known as slag.

• Sinks but being less
dense than iron, floats
on top of molten iron. 39
Chapter 13 Metals

13.1 Metals and Alloys

13.2 The Reactivity Series

13.3 Extracting Metals

13.4 Rusting

13.5 Recycling Metals

40
13.4 Rusting

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• describe the presence of oxygen and water as
the conditions necessary for the rusting of iron to
occur;

• state how rusting can be prevented.

13.4 Rusting

42
13.4 Rusting

What is Rusting?
• Corrosion of iron
• Gradual oxidation of iron to form hydrated iron(III)
oxide

iron + oxygen + water → hydrated iron(III) oxide

Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2xH2O(l) → 2Fe2O3.xH2O(s)

rust – a reddish
brown substance

43
 13.4 Rusting

Conditions for Rusting

Necessary conditions:
• Oxygen
• Water

Conditions that will speed up

rusting:
• Sodium chloride
• Acidic substances

44
 13.4 Rusting

Investigating the Conditions Necessary

for Rusting
What will happen after one week?
Test tube A Test tube B Test tube C Test tube D

cotton
oil wool
boiled boiled sodium
distilled distilled chloride
water water solution

clean iron anhydrous calcium

nails chloride 45
 13.4 Rusting

Rust Prevention

Using a protective layer

• Painting or greasing
• Plastic coating
• Electroplating

46
 13.4 Rusting

Rust Prevention
Plastic coating:
Layer of plastic prevents exposure to water and oxygen.

Metal clothes hanger covered with layer of plastic. 47

 13.4 Rusting

Rust Prevention
Electroplating:

Canned food is packed in tin-plated iron or steel cans.

48
Chapter 13 Metals

13.1 Metals and Alloys

13.2 The Reactivity Series

13.3 Extracting Metals

13.4 Rusting

13.5 Recycling Metals

49
13.5 Recycling Metals

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• state why there is a need to recycle metals;

• discuss the issues related to recycling metals.

 13.5 Recycling Metals

Why Do We Need to Recycle Metals?

Metals are finite resources.

100 Aluminium
80 Copper
400 Chromium
300 Iron
50 Lead
40 Tin Gold and silver: 20 years

Number of years 51
 13.5 Recycling Metals

Why Do We Need to Recycle Metals?

The world’s reserves of raw metals may last
longer if we

• reduce — find substitutes such as plastics instead of

metals; optical fibers instead of metal wires;

• recycle — crushing and melting metals for making new

objects.

52
 13.5 Recycling Metals

Commonly Recycled Metals

Iron and steel from Aluminium from food and
scrap metal drink cans

53
 13.5 Recycling Metals

Commonly Recycled Metals

Lead is recovered from

car batteries.

54
 13.5 Recycling Metals

Advantages of Recycling Metals

1. Recycling helps to conserve natural resources.

2. Recycling helps to reduce environmental

problems caused by the extraction of metals.

3. Recycling saves cost of extracting metals.

55
13.5 Recycling Metals

Economic Issues of Recycling Metals

COSTLY!
Recycling can be more expensive than
extracting metals directly from ores.

Costs incurred:
•Collecting
•Sorting, separating, cleaning
•Transporting
56
 13.5 Recycling Metals

Social Issues of Recycling Metals

• Recycling produces less waste, poses less danger to

human health.

• Less mining, more land to cope with increasing world

population.

• Effort and time needed to educate communities and

businesses to practice recycling as a way of life.

57
 13.5 Recycling Metals

Environmental Issues of Recycling Metals

• Recycling can cause pollution problems.

• For example, recycling lead from car batteries can

release harmful gases into the environment.

58
Chapter 13 Metals

Concept Map

59
Chapter 13 Metals

Concept Map

60
Chapter 13 Metals

The URLs are valid as at 15 November 2014.

Acknowledgements
(slide 1) © New Numerals CD
(slide 6) steel bridge © Nate Silva | Wikimedia Commons |
Public Domain
(slide 7) trumpet © PJ | Wikimedia Commons | CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 8) pewter tankard © Geni | Wikimedia Commons |
CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 8) Cynowy Danzig ubt © Tsca | Wikimedia Commons |
CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
61
Chapter 13 Metals

Acknowledgements
(slide 9) soldering © Tlapicka | Wikimedia Commons |
CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 10) Expo 1975 commemorative 100 Japanese yen coin
© Misogi | Wikimedia Commons | CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 32) Andradite, Hematite © Rob Lavinsky |
Wikimedia Commons | CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 38) DachsteinkalkBivalvia © Tigerente | Wikimedia Commons |

CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 39) Slag runoff Republic Steel © Howcheng |
62
Wikimedia Commons | Public Domain
Chapter 13 Metals

Acknowledgements
(slide 42) tractor rusting at farm © Tomwsulcer |
Wikimedia Commons | Public Domain
(slide 44) beach hut "crying" rust © Mike Quinn |
Wikimedia Commons | CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
(slide 46) why not finish painting the gate? © Steve F |
Wikimedia Commons | CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
(slide 47) coat hanger on the floor © Chuck Marean |
Wikimedia Commons | CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 48) tincans-three © Seth Ilys | Wikimedia Commons |
Public Domain
63
Chapter 13 Metals

Acknowledgements
(slide 53) shredded aluminium cans © Nbritton |
Wikimedia Commons | Public Domain
(slide 54 & 58) photo-carbattery © Shaddack | Wikimedia Commons |

Public Domain

64