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What Is Research Design?
Blueprint
Blueprint
Plan
Plan
Guide
Guide
Framework
Framework
6-2
Design in the Research Process
6-3
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-4
Degree of
Question Crystallization
6-5
Approaches for Exploratory Investigations
Participant observation
Film, photographs
Projective techniques
Psychological testing
Case studies
Ethnography
Expert interviews
Document analysis
Proxemics and Kinesics
6-6
Desired Outcomes of
Exploratory Studies
Established
Established range
range and
and scope
scope of
of possible
possible
management
management decisions
decisions
Established
Established major
major dimensions
dimensions of
of
research
research task
task
Defined
Defined aa set
set of
of subsidiary
subsidiary questions
questions
that
that can
can guide
guide research
research design
design
6-7
Desired Outcomes of
Exploratory Studies (cont.)
Develop
Develop hypotheses
hypotheses about
about possible
possible
causes
causes of
of management
management dilemma
dilemma
Learn
Learn which
which hypotheses
hypotheses
can
can be
be safely
safely ignored
ignored
Conclude
Conclude additional
additional research
research is
is
not
not needed
needed or
or not
not feasible
feasible
6-8
Commonly Used Exploratory Techniques
Secondary
Secondary
Data
Data Analysis
Analysis Experience
Experience
Surveys
Surveys
Focus
Focus
Groups
Groups
6-9
Experience Surveys
Group discussion
6-10 participants
6-11
Moderator-led
90 minutes-2
hours
6-11
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-12
Data Collection Method
Communication
Monitoring
6-13
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research Time
Time
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-14
The Time Dimension
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
6-15
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-16
The Topical Scope
6-17
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-18
The Research Environment
Field conditions
Simulations
6-19
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-20
Purpose of the Study
Reporting Descriptive
Casual Causal
-Explanatory -Predictive
6-21
Descriptive Studies
Who?
How
How much?
much? What?
What?
When?
When? Where?
6-22
Descriptive Studies
Descriptions
Descriptions of
of population
population
characteristics
characteristics
Estimates
Estimates of
of frequency
frequency of
of
characteristics
characteristics
Discovery
Discovery of
of associations
associations
among
among variables
variables
6-23
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research Time
Environment Dimension
Topical Scope
6-24
Experimental Effects
6-25
Causal Studies
Symmetrical
Symmetrical
Reciprocal
Reciprocal
Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical
6-26
6-27
Symmetrical
Symmetrical
Active participation in
Low work attendance
Company camping club
6-27
Reciprocal
Reciprocal
6-28
6-29
Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical
Promotion Sales
6-29
Understanding Casual Relationships
Property
Behavior Response
Disposition Stimulus
6-30
Asymmetrical Casual Relationships
Stimulus-Response
Property- Property-
Behavior Disposition
Disposition-Behavior
6-31
Types of Asymmetrical Causal Relationships
Relationship Nature of Examples
Type Relationship
6-32
Research Design Descriptors
Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects
Research Time
Environment Dimension
Topical Scope
6-33
Participants’ Perceptional Awareness
No deviation perceived
Deviations perceived
as unrelated
Deviations perceived as
researcher-induced
6-34
Research Design Descriptors
Category Options
The degree to which the research question has been • Exploratory study
crystallized • Formal study
The method of data collection • Monitoring
• Communication Study
The power of the researcher to produce effects in the • Experimental
variables under study • Ex post facto
The purpose of the study • Reporting
• Descriptive
• Causal-Explanatory
• Causal-Predictive
6-35