What Is Research Design?

Blueprint
Blueprint

Plan
Plan

Guide
Guide

Framework
Framework

6-1
Design in the Research Process

6-2
What Tools Are Used in Designing Research?

6-3
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope

6-4
Degree of
Question Crystallization

 Exploratory  Formal Study

Study  Precise procedures
 Loose structure
 Begins with
 Expand
hypotheses
understanding
 Answers research
 Provide insight
 Develop hypotheses questions

6-5
Approaches for Exploratory Investigations

 Participant observation
 Film, photographs
 Projective techniques
 Psychological testing
 Case studies
 Ethnography
 Expert interviews
 Document analysis
 Proxemics and Kinesics

6-6
Desired Outcomes of
Exploratory Studies

Established
Established range
range and
and scope
scope of
of possible
possible
management
management decisions
decisions

Established
Established major
major dimensions
dimensions of
of
research
research task
task

Defined
Defined aa set
set of
of subsidiary
subsidiary questions
questions
that
that can
can guide
guide research
research design
design

6-7
Desired Outcomes of
Exploratory Studies (cont.)

Develop
Develop hypotheses
hypotheses about
about possible
possible
causes
causes of
of management
management dilemma
dilemma

Learn
Learn which
which hypotheses
hypotheses
can
can be
be safely
safely ignored
ignored

Conclude
Conclude additional
additional research
research is
is
not
not needed
needed or
or not
not feasible
feasible

6-8
Commonly Used Exploratory Techniques

Secondary
Secondary
Data
Data Analysis
Analysis Experience
Experience
Surveys
Surveys

Focus
Focus
Groups
Groups

6-9
Face-to-face
interaction—
one of the best
ways to learn
from
participants.

6-10
Experience Surveys

What is being done?

What has been tried in the past with or
without success?
How have things changed?
Who is involved in the decisions?
What problem areas can be seen?
Whom can we count on to assist or
participate in the research?
6-11
Focus Groups

 Group discussion
 6-10 participants
6-12
 Moderator-led
 90 minutes-2
hours

6-12
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope

6-13
Data Collection Method

Communication

Monitoring

6-14
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research Time
Time
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope

6-15
The Time Dimension

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal

6-16
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope

6-17
The Topical Scope

Statistical Study Case Study

 Breadth  Depth
 Population  Detail
inferences  Qualitative
 Quantitative
 Multiple sources
 Generalizable
findings of
information

6-18
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope

6-19
The Research Environment

Field conditions

Lab conditions 6-20

Simulations

6-20
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data
Data Collection
Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method
Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research
Research Time
Time
Environment
Environment Dimension
Dimension
Topical Scope
6-21
Purpose of the Study

Reporting Descriptive

Casual Causal
-Explanatory -Predictive

6-22
Descriptive Studies

Who?

How
How much?
much? What?
What?

When?
When? Where?

6-23
Descriptive Studies

Descriptions
Descriptions of
of population
population
characteristics
characteristics

Estimates
Estimates of
of frequency
frequency of
of
characteristics
characteristics

Discovery
Discovery of
of associations
associations
among
among variables
variables

6-24
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research Time
Environment Dimension
Topical Scope

6-25
Experimental Effects

Ex Post Facto Study Experiment

 After-the-fact  Study involving the
report on what manipulation or
happened to the control of one or
measured more variables to
variable determine the effect
on another variable

6-26
Ex Post Facto Design

Fishing Club Member Non-Fishing-Club Member

Age High Low Absentee High Low Absentee
Absentee Absentee
Under 30 years 36 6 30 48

30 to 45 4 4 35 117

45 and over 0 0 5 115

6-27
Causation and Experimental Design

Control/ Random
Matching Assignment

6-28
Mills Method of Agreement

6-29
Mills Method of Difference

6-30
Causal Studies

Symmetrical
Symmetrical

Reciprocal
Reciprocal

Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical

6-31
Understanding Casual Relationships

Property

Behavior Response

Disposition Stimulus

6-32
Asymmetrical Casual Relationships

Stimulus-Response

Property- Property-
Behavior Disposition

Disposition-Behavior

6-33
Types of Asymmetrical Causal Relationships
Relationship Nature of Examples
Type Relationship

Stimulus- An event or change • A change in work rules leads to a higher

response results in a response level of worker output.
from some object. • A change in government economic policy
restricts corporate financial decisions.
• A price increase results in fewer unit sales.

Property- An existing property • Age and attitudes about saving.

disposition causes a disposition. • Gender attitudes toward social issues.
• Social class and opinions about taxation.

Disposition- A disposition causes a • Opinions about a brand and its purchase.

behavior specific behavior. • Job satisfaction and work output.
• Moral values and tax cheating.

Property-behavior An existing property • Stage of the family life cycle and

causes a specific purchases of furniture.
behavior. • Social class and family savings patterns.
• Age and sports participation.

6-34
Research Design Descriptors

Question
Perceptual
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors
Descriptors Effects

Research Time
Environment Dimension
Topical Scope

6-35
Participants’ Perceptional Awareness

No deviation perceived

Deviations perceived
as unrelated

Deviations perceived as
researcher-induced

6-36